Retention time, min | Identified metabolites | Control group | A group (HA+AO+PCO) | B group (AO+PCO) | C group (AO+HA) | D group (HA+PCO) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  | Mean ± SD | Padjusted | Mean ± SD | Padjusted | Mean ± SD | Padjusted | Mean ± SD | Padjusted |
6.249 | Lactate | 2.17 ± 0.27 | 2.29 ± 0.46 | 0.039 U | 2.5 ± 0.54 | 0.026 U | 2.03 ± 0.61 | 0.079 - | 2.82 ± 0.77 | 0.035 U |
25.818 | Glucose | 4.96 ± 0.78 | 4.03 ± 0.32 | 0.019 D | 4.02 ± 0.41 | 0.034 D | 4.29 ± 0.62 | 0.054 - | 4.27 ± 0.78 | 0.04 D |
26.184 | Galactose | 1.94 ± 0.29 | 1.76 ± 0.13 | 0.582 - | 1.69 ± 0.13 | 0.45 - | 1.87 ± 0.43 | 1.000 - | 1.87 ± 0.4 | 1.000 - |
28.818 | Palmic acid | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.12 | 0.876 - | 0.91 ± 0.11 | 0.001 U | 0.95 ± 0.15 | <0.001 U | 0.82 ± 0.13 | 0.014 U |
29.751 | Uric acid | 0.27 ± 0.13 | 0.58 ± 0.17 | <0.001 U | 0.30 ± 0.21 | 1.000 - | 0.16 ± 0.15 | 0.088 - | 0.31 ± 0.18 | 1.000 - |
31.785 | Linoleic acid | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.1 ± 0.09 | 0.003 U | 0.36 ± 0.18 | 0.001 U | 0.5 ± 0.21 | <0.001 U | 0.15 ± 0.16 | 0.019 U |
32.418 | Stearic acid | 0.85 ± 0.14 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.17 - | 0.98 ± 0.08 | 0.023 U | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 0.067 U | 0.94 ± 0.10 | 0.01 U |
45.636 | Cholesterol | 0.72 ± 0.35 | 0.69 ± 0.33 | 0.043 D | 0.68 ± 0.26 | 0.038 D | 0.80 ± 0.34 | 0.805 - | 0.96 ± 0.73 | 0.342 - |
7.149 | Alanine | 0.43 ± 0.14 | 0.56 ± 0.1 | <0.001 U | 0.63 ± 0.11 | 0.001 U | 0.61 ± 0.6 | <0.001 U | 0.48 ± 0.17 | 0.813 - |
9.866 | Valine | 0.46 ± 0.07 | 0.52 ± 0.1 | <0.001 U | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 0.001 U | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 0.001 U | 0.5 ± 0.08 | 0.042 U |
11.3 | Leucine | 0.28 ± 0.09 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 1.000 - | 0.29 ± 0.09 | 1.000 - | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 0.399 - | 0.37 ± 0.11 | 0.002 U |
11.85 | Isoleucine | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.18 ± 0.06 | 0.195 - | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 1.000 - | 0.18 ± 0.07 | 1.000 - | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.001 D |
11.933 | Proline | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | <0.001 D | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.001 D | 0.26 ± 0.08 | 0.001 D | 0.19 ± 0.07 | 0.001 D |
12.15 | Glycine | 0.59 ± 0.09 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.004 D | 0.53 ± 0.08 | 0.026 D | 0.50 ± 0.09 | 0.008 D | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.001 D |
13.6 | Serine | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.38 ± 0.07 | <0.001 U | 0.38 ± 0.07 | <0.001 U | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.012 U | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.015 D |
14.233 | Threonine | 0.35 ± 0.11 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | <0.001 U | 0.42 ± 0.08 | 0.001 U | 0.39 ± 0.1 | 0.085 U | 0.27 ± 0.09 | 0.006 D |
16.317 | Aspartate | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 0.13 ± 0.09 | 1.000 - | 0.2 ± 0.14 | 0.005 U | 0.12 ± 0.06 | 1.000 - | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 1.000 - |
19.867 | Phenylalanine | 0.10 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | <0.001 U | 0.21 ± 0.08 | 0.001 U | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.001 U | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 1.000 - |
24.118 | Ornithine | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.25 ± 0.09 | <0.001 U | 0.23 ± 0.09 | 0.001 U | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.002 U | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 1.000 - |
26.334 | Lysine | 0.28 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.18 | <0.001 U | 0.39 ± 0.11 | 0.126 - | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 1.000 - | 0.33 ± 0.26 | 1.000 - |
26.634 | Tyrosine | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.24 ± 0.06 | 0.001 U | 0.2 ± 0.07 | 0.001 U | 0.17 ± 0.07 | 0.036 U | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 1.000 - |
31.7 | Tryptophan | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.001 U | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.003 U | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.03 U | 0.06 ± 0.05 | 0.002 U |
 | Endogenous AAs | 3.8 ± 0.71 | 4.37 ± 0.62 | 0.001 U | 4.32 ± 0.64 | 0.001 U | 4.0 ± 0.73 | 0.294 - | 3.38 ± 0.78 | 0.153 - |
 | Gluconeogenic AAs | 3.4 ± 0.62 | 3.93 ± 0.52 | 0.003 U | 4.14 ± 0.67 | <0.001 U | 3.6 ± 0.70 | 1.000 - | 2.92 ± 0.65 | 0.002 D |
 | BCAA | 0.87 ± 0.2 | 0.95 ± 0.22 | 1.000 - | 1.03 ± 0.17 | 0.024 U | 1.04 ± 0.20 | 0.017 U | 0.98 ± 0.17 | 0.865 - |
 | AAA | 0.21 ± 0.1 | 0.66 ± 0.17 | 0.001 U | 0.49 ± 0.17 | 0.001 U | 0.4 ± 0.16 | 0.019 U | 0.31 ± 0.17 | 1.000 - |
 | BCAA/AAA | 4.82 ± 1.8 | 1.51 ± 0.37 | <0.001 D | 2.35 ± 0.91 | <0.001 D | 3.09 ± 1.62 | 0.002 D | 4.3 ± 2.50 | 0.298 - |