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Table 3 Changes in the relative levels of metabolites detected by gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS) in the plasma of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and control subjects

From: Metabolic profiles characterizing different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: plasma metabolomics analysis

Retention time, min

Identified metabolites

Control group

A group (HA+AO+PCO)

B group (AO+PCO)

C group (AO+HA)

D group (HA+PCO)

   

Mean ± SD

Padjusted

Mean ± SD

Padjusted

Mean ± SD

Padjusted

Mean ± SD

Padjusted

6.249

Lactate

2.17 ± 0.27

2.29 ± 0.46

0.039 U

2.5 ± 0.54

0.026 U

2.03 ± 0.61

0.079 -

2.82 ± 0.77

0.035 U

25.818

Glucose

4.96 ± 0.78

4.03 ± 0.32

0.019 D

4.02 ± 0.41

0.034 D

4.29 ± 0.62

0.054 -

4.27 ± 0.78

0.04 D

26.184

Galactose

1.94 ± 0.29

1.76 ± 0.13

0.582 -

1.69 ± 0.13

0.45 -

1.87 ± 0.43

1.000 -

1.87 ± 0.4

1.000 -

28.818

Palmic acid

0.72 ± 0.12

0.76 ± 0.12

0.876 -

0.91 ± 0.11

0.001 U

0.95 ± 0.15

<0.001 U

0.82 ± 0.13

0.014 U

29.751

Uric acid

0.27 ± 0.13

0.58 ± 0.17

<0.001 U

0.30 ± 0.21

1.000 -

0.16 ± 0.15

0.088 -

0.31 ± 0.18

1.000 -

31.785

Linoleic acid

0.05 ± 0.03

0.1 ± 0.09

0.003 U

0.36 ± 0.18

0.001 U

0.5 ± 0.21

<0.001 U

0.15 ± 0.16

0.019 U

32.418

Stearic acid

0.85 ± 0.14

0.91 ± 0.08

0.17 -

0.98 ± 0.08

0.023 U

0.96 ± 0.12

0.067 U

0.94 ± 0.10

0.01 U

45.636

Cholesterol

0.72 ± 0.35

0.69 ± 0.33

0.043 D

0.68 ± 0.26

0.038 D

0.80 ± 0.34

0.805 -

0.96 ± 0.73

0.342 -

7.149

Alanine

0.43 ± 0.14

0.56 ± 0.1

<0.001 U

0.63 ± 0.11

0.001 U

0.61 ± 0.6

<0.001 U

0.48 ± 0.17

0.813 -

9.866

Valine

0.46 ± 0.07

0.52 ± 0.1

<0.001 U

0.57 ± 0.07

0.001 U

0.53 ± 0.11

0.001 U

0.5 ± 0.08

0.042 U

11.3

Leucine

0.28 ± 0.09

0.28 ± 0.06

1.000 -

0.29 ± 0.09

1.000 -

0.32 ± 0.07

0.399 -

0.37 ± 0.11

0.002 U

11.85

Isoleucine

0.19 ± 0.08

0.18 ± 0.06

0.195 -

0.19 ± 0.05

1.000 -

0.18 ± 0.07

1.000 -

0.12 ± 0.05

0.001 D

11.933

Proline

0.59 ± 0.07

0.28 ± 0.08

<0.001 D

0.25 ± 0.08

0.001 D

0.26 ± 0.08

0.001 D

0.19 ± 0.07

0.001 D

12.15

Glycine

0.59 ± 0.09

0.49 ± 0.08

0.004 D

0.53 ± 0.08

0.026 D

0.50 ± 0.09

0.008 D

0.47 ± 0.11

0.001 D

13.6

Serine

0.29 ± 0.08

0.38 ± 0.07

<0.001 U

0.38 ± 0.07

<0.001 U

0.35 ± 0.09

0.012 U

0.24 ± 0.08

0.015 D

14.233

Threonine

0.35 ± 0.11

0.42 ± 0.08

<0.001 U

0.42 ± 0.08

0.001 U

0.39 ± 0.1

0.085 U

0.27 ± 0.09

0.006 D

16.317

Aspartate

0.13 ± 0.09

0.13 ± 0.09

1.000 -

0.2 ± 0.14

0.005 U

0.12 ± 0.06

1.000 -

0.08 ± 0.07

1.000 -

19.867

Phenylalanine

0.10 ± 0.05

0.24 ± 0.08

<0.001 U

0.21 ± 0.08

0.001 U

0.19 ± 0.08

0.001 U

0.11 ± 0.05

1.000 -

24.118

Ornithine

0.13 ± 0.08

0.25 ± 0.09

<0.001 U

0.23 ± 0.09

0.001 U

0.2 ± 0.1

0.002 U

0.12 ± 0.08

1.000 -

26.334

Lysine

0.28 ± 0.9

0.5 ± 0.18

<0.001 U

0.39 ± 0.11

0.126 -

0.34 ± 0.10

1.000 -

0.33 ± 0.26

1.000 -

26.634

Tyrosine

0.09 ± 0.04

0.24 ± 0.06

0.001 U

0.2 ± 0.07

0.001 U

0.17 ± 0.07

0.036 U

0.14 ± 0.07

1.000 -

31.7

Tryptophan

0.02 ± 0.01

0.17 ± 0.04

0.001 U

0.09 ± 0.06

0.003 U

0.05 ± 0.04

0.03 U

0.06 ± 0.05

0.002 U

 

Endogenous AAs

3.8 ± 0.71

4.37 ± 0.62

0.001 U

4.32 ± 0.64

0.001 U

4.0 ± 0.73

0.294 -

3.38 ± 0.78

0.153 -

 

Gluconeogenic AAs

3.4 ± 0.62

3.93 ± 0.52

0.003 U

4.14 ± 0.67

<0.001 U

3.6 ± 0.70

1.000 -

2.92 ± 0.65

0.002 D

 

BCAA

0.87 ± 0.2

0.95 ± 0.22

1.000 -

1.03 ± 0.17

0.024 U

1.04 ± 0.20

0.017 U

0.98 ± 0.17

0.865 -

 

AAA

0.21 ± 0.1

0.66 ± 0.17

0.001 U

0.49 ± 0.17

0.001 U

0.4 ± 0.16

0.019 U

0.31 ± 0.17

1.000 -

 

BCAA/AAA

4.82 ± 1.8

1.51 ± 0.37

<0.001 D

2.35 ± 0.91

<0.001 D

3.09 ± 1.62

0.002 D

4.3 ± 2.50

0.298 -

  1. Data are presented as mean ± SD, and U (up) and D (down) next to numbers indicates the significant elevated or reduced concentration of metabolites (P <0.05). Endogenous amino acids include all amino acids except for ornithine; gluconeogenic amino acids include alanine, valine, isoleucine, proline, glycine, serine, threonine, aspartate, phenylalanine, lysine and tyrosine; branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) include leucine, valine and isoleucine; aromatic amino acids (AAA) include phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. AO = anovulation; HA = hyperandrogenism; PCO = polycystic ovaries.