Viral hemorrhagic fevers: advancing the level of treatment

Table 1 Treatment options for viral hemorrhagic fevers

Virus	Family	Incubation	Virulence	Communicability	Isolation	Treatment option(s)
Ebola	Filoviridae	2 to 21 days	High	Yes	Yes	Post-exposure vaccination (rVSV); rNAPc2; siRNA
Marburg	Filoviridae	2 to 21 days	High	Yes	Yes	Post-exposure vaccination (rVSV)
Lassa	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Moderate	Yes	Yes	Ribavirin
Lujo	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	High	Yes	Yes	Ribavirin
Junin	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Moderate	Yes	Yes	Passive immune therapy
Machupo	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Moderate	Yes	Yes	Passive immune therapy
Sabia	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Moderate	Unknown	Yes
Guanarito	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Moderate	Unknown	Yes
Chapare	Arenaviridae	6 to 21 days	Unknown	Unknown	Yes
Nipah	Paramyxoviridae	4 to 18 days	High	Potential^a	Yes	Passive immune therapy
Hendra	Paramyxoviridae	4 to 18 days	High	Unknown	Yes	Passive immune therapy
CCHF	Bunyaviridae	3 to 7 days	Moderate	Yes	Yes	Ribavirin
Rift Valley fever	Bunyaviridae	2 to 14 days	Low to moderate	No	No	Ribavirin
Hantan, Seoul, and so on	Bunyaviridae	Days to months	Low to moderate	No	No	Ribavirinn, hemodialysis
Sin Nombre, Andes, and so on	Bunyaviridae	Days to months	Moderate	No^b	No^b	ECMO
Yellow fever	Flaviviridae	3 to 6 days	Moderate	No	No
Dengue	Flaviviridae	3 to 14 days	Low	No	No
RSSE	Flaviviridae	7 to 14 days	Moderate	No	No
Omsk/KFD/AHF	Flaviviridae	3 to 8 days	Moderate	Unknown	Yes

^aHuman-to-human transmission has been reported from outbreaks in Bangladesh.
^bAndes virus has been reported to be transmissible from human to human; isolation may be indicated.
AHFV = Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever; CCHF = Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; KFD = Kyasanur Forest disease; RSSE = Russian spring-summer encephalitis; rVSV = recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus; siRNA = small interfering RNA molecule.

ISSN: 1741-7015