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Table 4 Overview of selected studies on carbohydrate antigen 125 levels during normal pregnancy.

From: Physiologic variations of serum tumor markers in gynecological malignancies during pregnancy: a systematic review

 

Author/year of publication

Study design

Laboratory technique

Number of patients

Cut-off value

(U/mL)

Trimester 1

Trimester 2

Trimester 3

Conclusion

1

Niloff 1984 [12]

cross-sectional

125I-labeled OC125

N = 101

<65

>65 in 16%

< 65

<65

T1: 16% above cut-off value

2

Haga 1986 [13]

cross-sectional

Centocore Inc., Malvern, PA, USA

T1 n = 29; T2 n = 21; T3 n = 21

<35

85 ± 101

(mean ± SD)

18 to 550 (range)

20 ± 10

10 to 54

25 ± 27

<8 to 140

Raised above cut-off value, percentage not stated

3

Jacobs 1988 [14]

cross-sectional

Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA

T1 n = 11; T2 n = 7; T3 n = 8

<35

53.6 (median)

15.6 to 268.3 (range)

18.5

12.0 to 25.1

19.2

16.8 to 43.8

35% above cut-off value

4

Kobayashi 1989 [15]

both cross-sectional and longitudinal

ORIS Industry, Censaclay, France

n = 122

<35

71.7 ± 71.1

(mean ± SD)

19.1 ± 7.0

28.1 ±14.1

Raised above cut-off value, percentage not stated

5

Touitou 1989 [16]

cross-sectional

IRMA, CIS-Bio International, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France

T1 n = 32; T2 n = 32; T3 n= 36

<35

23.7± 13.9

(mean ± SD)

14.8 ± 8.0

22.1 ± 17.1

8% above cut-off value

6

Kenemans 1992 [17]

cross-sectional

Enzymun CA 125 (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany)

T1 n = 26; T2 n = 20; T3 n = 145

<35

24.4 ± 13.3

(mean ± SD)

54.6 (maximum range)

38.1 ± 47.4

166.6

74.7 ± 273.3

2,419.7

T1: 19% above cut-off value

T2: 15% above cut-off value

T3: 20% above cut-off value

7

Schlageter 1998 [7]

longitudinal

ELSA-CA 125 (CIS Bio International-Bio International, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France

n = 12

<40

18.7 ± 14.0

(mean ± SD)

6.1 to 41.5 (range)

19.9 ± 12.5

6.5 to 54.3

22.3 ± 13.1

6.1 to 51.3

Raised above cut-off value, percentage not stated

8

Spitzer 1998 [18]

longitudinal

Centocore Inc., Diagnostic division, Malvern, PA, USA

n = 20

<35

33.1 (median)

3.7 to 251.2

(range)

<35

<35

Raised above cut-off value, percentage not stated

9

Bon 2001 [10]

cross-sectional

Enzymun-Test CA 125 (Boehringer, Mannheim, Germany)

T1 n = 127; T2 n = 192; T3 n = 47

Not stated

23 (median)

4 to 108 (range)

14

1 to 73

21

8 to 144

Raised above cut-off value, percentage not stated

10

Ercan 2012 [11]

longitudinal

Modular Analytics E 170 Module (Roche diagnostics, Basel, Switserland

n = 30

<35

19.0 (median)

4.9 to 61 (range)

15.6

4.7 to 32.1

19.6

9.8 to 41.2

4.4% above cut-off value

  1. CA, carbohydrate antigen; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IRMA, immunoradiometric assay; SD: standard deviation; T, trimester;