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Table 3 Odds ratios (95% CI) a for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency stratified by the median of vitamin D intake or season, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006

From: Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality: results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III

Magnesium intake, mg/day

Controls, N

Deficiency

Insufficiency

N

OR (95% CI)

N

OR (95% CI)

Vitamin D intake <308 (IU/day)

Q1 <225

1,359

834

1.00

1,218

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

940

328

0.79 (0.58 to 1.07)

650

0.89 (0.69 to 1.15)

Q3 311 to 419

697

184

0.64 (0.46 to 0.91)

426

0.78 (0.63 to 1.08)

Q4 ≥420

485

105

0.58 (0.35 to 0.97)

242

0.71 (0.47 to 1.07)

P for trend

  

0.01

 

<0.05

Vitamin D intake ≥308 (IU/day)

Q1 <225

390

42

1.00

144

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

793

64

1.09 (0.47 to 2.55)

257

0.94 (0.62 to 1.42)

Q3 311 to 419

1,040

61

0.76 (0.30 to 1.88)

332

1.19 (0.80 to 1.77)

Q4 ≥420

1,258

57

0.71 (0.24 to 2.11)

351

0.96 (0.60 to 1.55)

P for trend

  

0.97

 

0.67

P for interaction

  

<0.001

 

<0.001

Non-vitamin D supplement user

Q1 <225

1,292

812

1.00

1,160

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

958

332

0.81 (0.57 to 1.14)

651

0.91 (0.70 to 1.18)

Q3 311 to 419

793

205

0.59 (0.40 to 0.88)

462

0.80 (0.63 to 1.02)

Q4 ≥420

661

124

0.60 (0.35 to 1.00)

329

0.81 (0.55 to 1.19)

P for trend

  

0.02

 

0.18

Vitamin D supplement user

Q1 <225

457

64

1.00

202

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

775

60

1.23 (0.59 to 2.56)

256

0.80 (0.53 to 1.20)

Q3 311 to 419

944

40

1.05 (0.41 to 1.68)

296

0.96 (0.65 to 1.41)

Q4 ≥420

1,082

38

0.91 (0.35 to 2.36)

264

0.73 (0.49 to 1.10)

P for trend

  

0.56

 

0.40

P for interaction

  

0.47

 

0.37

Winter and Southern latitude

Q1 <225

664

493

1.00

726

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

691

239

0.63 (0.47 to 0.85)

495

0.73 (0.57 to 0.92)

Q3 311 to 419

653

156

0.49 (0.30 to 0.78)

422

0.89 (0.74 to 1.07)

Q4 ≥420

680

111

0.54 (0.28 to 1.02)

337

0.57 (0.41 to 0.78)

P for trend

  

0.03

 

<0.01

Summer and Northern latitude

Q1 <225

1,085

383

1.00

636

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

1,042

153

0.95 (0.64 to 1.41)

412

0.91 (0.66 to 1.26)

Q3 311 to 419

1,084

89

0.61 (0.43 to 0.86)

336

0.73 (0.56 to 0.96)

Q4 ≥420

1,063

51

0.33 (0.20 to 0.55)

256

0.85 (0.61 to 1.19)

P for trend

  

0.001

 

0.35

P for interaction

  

0.55

 

0.21

Age <50 (years)

Q1 <225

862

465

1.00

726

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

821

209

0.74 (0.49 to 1.11)

495

0.83 (0.60 to 1.16)

Q3 311 to 419

831

150

0.63 (0.35 to 1.13)

422

0.84 (0.62 to 1.13)

Q4 ≥420

892

110

0.67 (0.32 to 1.42)

337

0.73 (0.50 to 1.08)

P for trend

  

0.26

 

0.15

Age ≥50 (years)

Q1 <225

1,085

383

1.00

636

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

1,042

153

0.85 (0.50 to 1.37)

412

0.86 (0.63 to 1.16)

Q3 311 to 419

1,084

89

0.43 (0.24 to 0.77)

336

0.79 (0.57 to 1.10)

Q4 ≥420

1,063

51

0.24 (0.11 to 0.49)

256

0.71 (0.46 to 1.10)

P for trend

  

<0.01

 

0.81

P for interaction

  

0.07

 

0.41

Male

Q1 <225

712

283

1.00

519

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

854

164

0.64 (0.41 to 1.00)

466

1.12 (0.78 to 1.61)

Q3 311 to 419

995

143

0.39 (0.21 to 0.74)

439

0.90 (0.65 to 1.26)

Q4 ≥420

1,150

106

0.33 (0.16 to 0.69)

409

0.95 (0.59 to 1.52)

P for trend

  

0.001

 

0.54

Female

Q1 <225

1,037

593

1.00

843

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

879

228

0.85 (0.61 to 1.21)

441

0.71 (0.54 to 0.93)

Q3 311 to 419

742

102

0.63 (0.37 to 1.05)

319

0.83 (0.64 to 1.07)

Q4 ≥420

593

56

0.47 (0.25 to 0.87)

184

0.60 (0.43 to 0.82)

P for trend

  

0.16

 

0.14

P for interaction

  

0.11

 

0.17

Non-Hispanic Black

Q1 <225

181

530

1.00

442

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

163

181

0.51 (0.34 to 0.76)

229

0.74 (0.53 to 1.03)

Q3 311 to 419

110

115

0.44 (0.26 to 0.74)

175

0.53 (0.33 to 0.88)

Q4 ≥420

104

81

0.43 (0.27 to 0.68)

119

0.64 (0.39 to 1.04)

P for trend

  

<0.001

 

<0.05

Non-Hispanic Caucasian and others

Q1 <225

1,568

346

1.00

920

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

1,570

212

0.91 (0.65 to 1.28)

678

0.86 (0.67 to 1.10)

Q3 311 to 419

1,627

130

0.66 (0.45 to 0.97)

583

0.87 (0.67 to 1.10)

Q4 ≥420

1,639

81

0.52 (0.29 to 0.95)

474

0.76 (0.58 to 0.99)

P for trend

  

<0.05

 

0.27

P for interaction

  

0.305

 

0.82

BMI <25 (kg/m2)

Q1 <225

631

172

1.00

336

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

611

90

1.04 (0.51 to 2.12)

339

0.92 (0.61 to 1.40)

Q3 311 to 419

606

58

0.84 (0.40 to 1.76)

189

1.00 (0.70 to 1.44)

Q4 ≥420

608

41

0.51 (0.23 to 1.15)

162

0.77 (0.47 to 1.27)

P for trend

  

0.13

 

0.45

BMI ≥25 to <30 (kg/m2)

Q1 <225

605

232

1.00

448

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

632

106

0.71 (0.43 to 1.15)

316

0.77 (0.51 to 1.17)

Q3 311 to 419

661

75

0.50 (0.29 to 0.86)

266

0.63 (0.50 to 0.79)

Q4 ≥420

677

46

0.47 (0.22 to 1.01)

213

0.73 (0.48 to 1.13)

P for trend

  

0.02

 

0.06

BMI ≥30 (kg/m2)

Q1 <225

463

440

1.00

532

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

457

177

0.63 (0.35 to 1.14)

341

0.82 (0.63 to 1.06)

Q3 311 to 419

441

108

0.46 (0.24 to 0.88)

288

0.83 (0.59 to 1.15)

Q4 ≥420

424

69

0.42 (0.19 to 0.96)

202

0.63 (0.44 to 0.91)

P for trend

  

0.02

 

0.02

P for interaction

  

0.23

 

0.13

PTH <32 (pg/ml)

Q1 <225

322

63

1.00

179

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

369

39

0.42 (0.18 to 1.02)

109

0.72 (0.42 to 1.24)

Q3 311 to 419

363

21

0.17 (0.07 to 0.43)

107

0.77 (0.47 to 1.28)

Q4 ≥420

392

19

0.22 (0.07 to 0.73)

100

0.74 (0.38 to 1.42)

P for trend

  

<0.01

 

0.46

PTH ≥32 to <46 (pg/ml)

Q1 <225

378

136

1.00

271

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

382

66

1.20 (0.66 to 2.21)

195

0.94 (0.73 to 1.22)

Q3 311 to 419

406

54

1.19 (0.53 to 2.66)

181

0.85 (0.59 to 1.23)

Q4 ≥420

414

33

1.11 (0.36 to 3.42)

131

0.79 (0.55 to 1.15)

P for trend

  

0.85

 

0.24

PTH ≥46 (pg/ml)

Q1 <225

390

375

1.00

447

1.00

Q2 225 to 310

382

157

0.73 (0.48 to 1.10)

297

0.93 (0.68 to 1.28)

Q3 311 to 419

382

95

0.52 (0.28 to 0.95)

209

0.78 (0.60 to 1.01)

Q4 ≥420

365

50

0.28 (0.14 to 0.53)

159

0.57 (0.35 to 0.92)

P for trend

  

0.01

 

0.41

P for interaction

  

0.73

 

0.53

  1. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) laboratory results were only available from the NHANES 2003 to 2006.
  2. aSurvey logistic regression models used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), educational attainment, race, household income, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, month of blood collection, dietary intakes of total energy, total intake of calcium and vitamin D.
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