Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analyses
From: Step counter use in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Source | Age mean (SD), ya | Intervention and control description | Co-intervention | Duration, mo | Adherence,% | Dropouts,% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Greef et al. 2011-1b [24] | 68.3 (8.2) | Intervention: a pedometer-based PA program: received a pedometer, set personal goal, instructed to increase self-efficacy and received physical advice. | Diary use; Self-set goal | 3 | Not stated | 2.3 |
66.0 (11.1) | Control: received usual care | 8.3 | ||||
De Greef et al. 2010 [25] | 61.3 (6.3) | Intervention: a cognitive-behavioral program: received a pedometer; instructed to increase self-efficacy and set new goals; motivated to achieve. | Diary use; Self-set goal | 3 | 75 | 10 |
61.3 (6.9) | Control: received usual care | 9.5 | ||||
Tudor-Locke et al. 2004 [26] | 52.8 (5.7) | Intervention: a First Step program: received a pedometer, instructed for self-monitoring and goal-setting, and received postcards for thanks. | Diary use; Self-set goal | 4 | 75 | 20 |
52.5 (4.8) | Control: only received postcards for thanks | 23.3 | ||||
Piette et al. 2011e [27] | 55.1 ( 9.4) | Intervention: received a telephone-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy, including a pedometer-based PA program, and instructed to progress toward cognitive behavioral therapy goals. | Diary use | 9 | Not stated | 15.7 |
56.0 (10.9) | Control: received an enhanced usual care | 12.6 | ||||
De Greef et al. 2011-2 [28] | 62 (9) (total) | Intervention: a pedometer-based behavioral modification program with telephone support: received a pedometer, and seven calls for goal-setting, self-monitoring and instructed to increase self-efficacy. | Diary use; 10,000 steps/d | 3 | Not stated | 3.3 |
Control: received usual care | 6.3 | |||||
Kirk et al. 2009c, e [29] | 62.1 (10.2) | Intervention: received a pedometer, a 12-week walking plan and strategies to increase self-efficacy, given physical consultation and follow-up phone calls. | No diary or goal use | 6 | Not stated | 9.1 |
59.2 (10.4) | Control: received standard care and follow-up phone calls | 8.6 | ||||
Plotnikoff et al. 2013d, e [30] | 61.8 (11.8) | Intervention: received a pedometer, PA guidelines and stage-based, print materials for behavior change. | Diary use | 12 | 80 | 24.9 |
61.0 (11.7) | Control: received standard PA education materials | 10.6 | ||||
Engel et al. 2006 [31] | 60.5 (7.34) | Intervention: received a pedometer and coaching (which included education, behavior-change strategies and support), instructed to increase self-efficacy, and set steps/d goals. | Diary use; 3,500 to 5,500 steps/d | 3 | Not stated | 12 (total) |
64 (6.76) | Control: received coaching only, instructed to increase self-efficacy, and set goals on time spent walking per day | |||||
Bjørgaas et al. 2008 [18] | 56.4 (11.0) | Intervention: received a pedometer, encouraged to increase steps/d and set goals for increasing PA. | Diary use; Increase steps/d | 6 | Not stated | 28 |
61.2 (9.7) | Control: encouraged to increase the average daily time on walking and set goals | 32.4 | ||||
Andrews et al. 2011e [32] | 60.0 (9.7) | Intervention: received intensive diet intervention, a pedometer, and motivating literature; instructed to walk more for five weeks, and then maintain. | Diary use | 6 | 90 | 1.2 |
60.1 (10.2) | Control: received intensive diet intervention | 0.4 | ||||
Diedrich et al. 2010e [33] | 56.7 (13.6) | Intervention: attended DSMEP, and received a pedometer, a book of Manpo-kei (mainly for motivation). | No diary or goal use | 3 | Not stated | 38 (total) |
54.9 (9.8) | Control: attended DSMEP |