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Table 11 Other cancers of the digestive system; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

 

ST use

  

RR/OR

Sourcea

Typeb

Exposurec

Smoking

Sexd

Id.

Casese

Estimate (95%CI)d

Adjustment factorsf

Cohort studies

        

US Veterans: Heineman et al. 1995 [18]

        

- colon cancer

ST

Ever

Never

Mg

1

39

1.20 (0.90–1.70)h

age, sed, ses, time, yriv

- rectal cancer

  

Never

 

2

17

1.90 (1.20–3.10)h

 

US Veterans: Winn et al. 1982 [19]

        

- liver cancer

ST

Ever

Never

Mg

3

NA

2.81 (NA)

age

NHANES I: Accortt et al. 2005 [22]

        

- digestive cancer

ST

Ever

Never

M

4

13

0.80 (0.40–1.80)

age, pov, race

    

F

5

4

0.80 (0.30–2.40)

 

CPS-I: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

        

- digestive cancer

ST

Current

Never

M

6

153

1.26 (1.05–1.52)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

CPS-II: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

        

- digestive cancer

ST

Current

Never

M

7

48

1.04 (0.77–1.38)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

  

Former

  

8

19

0.99 (0.63–1.57)

 
  

Ever

  

9

67

1.03 (0.80–1.31)h

 

Case-control studies

        

Bjelke 1974 [52] USA

        

- colorectal cancer

Chew

Use

Any

NA

10

NA

No association

NA

Bjelke 1974 [52] Norway

        

- colorectal cancer

Chew

Use

Any

NA

11

NA

No association

NA

Williams and Horm 1977 [55]

        

- small intestine cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

12

2

3.11 (0.65–14.8)h

age, race, smok

- colon cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

13

30

1.36 (0.90–2.07)h

age, race, smok

    

F

14

7

1.28 (0.58–2.87)h

 

- rectal cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

15

13

0.75 (0.42–1.35)h

age, race, smok

    

F

16

2

0.87 (0.21–3.62)h

 

- liver cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

17

1

0.58 (0.08–4.39)h

none

- gall bladder cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

18

1

0.41 (0.05–3.04)h

none

Sterling et al. 1992 [89]

        

- digestive cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M+F

19

555

0.40 (0.24–0.69)h

age, alc, occ, race, sex, smok

Chow et al. 1994 [93]

        

- bile duct canceri

Chew

Use

Any

M

20

3

18.0 (1.40–227.70)

NA

  1. a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing.
  3. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use.
  4. d NA = not available.
  5. e 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number used in Table 12, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available.
  6. f Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol, asp = aspirin, bmi = body mass index, edu = education, exer = exercise, occ = occupation, pov = poverty, sed = sedentary lifestyle, ses = socioeconomic status, smok = smoking, yriv = year of interview, NA = not available.
  7. g The population included < 0.5% females.
  8. h RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source.
  9. i Results are for cancer of ampulla of Vater; extrahepatic bile duct cancers were also studied, but results were not given for chewing.
  10. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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