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Table 12 Overall digestive cancer; meta-analysis results

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

    

Heterogeneity

Type of ST (region)a

Adjustments/restrictionsb

Number of estimates (RR/OR ids)c

Random-effects RR/OR (95% CI)

χ2

I2

P(χ2)

Any (USA)d

Overall data

5 (4, 5, 6, 9, 19)

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

17.3

76.9

0.002

 

Smoking-adjusted

5 (4, 5, 6, 9, 19)

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

17.3

76.9

0.002

 

Never smokers

4 (4, 5, 6, 9)

1.14 (0.99–1.33)

3.1

2.1

0.382

  1. a For each study/sex, the RR/OR for ST from Table 11 was included if available, otherwise that for chewing tobacco or snuff was used.
  2. b Smoking-adjusted includes estimates for smokers and non-smokers combined, adjusted for smoking if available, and estimates for never smokers otherwise.
  3. c The actual estimates included are identified by their RR/OR identification numbers as given in Table 11.
  4. d All the available data for overall digestive cancer are from US studies.
  5. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.