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Table 15 Lung cancer; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

 

ST use

  

RR/OR

Sourcea

Typeb

Exposurec

Smoking

Sex

Id.

Casesd

Estimate (95%CI)e

Adjustment factorsf

Cohort studies

        

US Veterans: Winn et al. 1982 [19]

ST

Ever

Never

Mg

1

NA

0.60 (NA)

age

NHANES I: Accortt et al. 2005 [22]

ST

Ever

Never

F

2

4

6.80 (1.60–28.5)

age, pov, race

CPS-I: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

ST

Current

Never

M

3

18

1.08 (0.64–1.83)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

CPS-II: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

ST

Current

Never

M

4

18

2.00 (1.23–3.24)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

 

ST

Former

  

5

4

1.17 (0.43–3.14)

 
 

ST

Ever

  

6

22

1.77 (1.14–2.74)h

 
 

Chew only

Current

  

7

12

1.97 (1.10–3.54)

 
 

Snuff only

   

8

2

2.08 (0.51–8.46)

 

Norway cohorts: Boffetta et al. 2005 [26]

Snuff

Current

Any

M

9

44

0.80 (0.58–1.11)

age, smok

  

Former

  

10

28

0.80 (0.54–1.19)

 
  

Ever

  

11

72

0.80 (0.61–1.05)

 
  

Ever

Never

 

12

3

0.96 (0.26–3.56)

age

Swedish construction workers: Luo et al. 2007 [32]

Snuff

Ever

Any

M

13

NA

0.70 (0.60–0.70)

age, bmi, smok

  

Current

Never

 

14

15

0.80 (0.40–1.30)

age, bmi

  

Former

  

15

3

0.90 (0.30–3.00)

 
  

Ever

  

16

18

0.80 (0.50–1.30)

 

Case-control studies

        

Doll and Hill 1952 [38]

Chew

Ever

Any

M

17

40

0.61 (0.41–0.92)h

none

 

Snuff

   

18

33

0.76 (0.48–1.21)h

 
 

ST

   

19

73

0.66 (0.41–0.90)h

 

Williams and Horm 1977 [55]

ST

Ever

Any

M

20

36

0.69 (0.47–1.00)h

age, race, smok

    

F

21

1

0.38 (0.05–2.80)h

none

Wynder and Stellman 1977 [56]

Chew

Ever

Any

M

22

117

1.26 (0.99–1.59)h

none

 

Snuff

   

23

35

1.25 (0.83–1.89)h

 
 

ST

   

24

152

1.27 (1.03–1.57)h

 
  1. a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing.
  3. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use.
  4. d 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number used in Table 16, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available.
  5. e NA = not available.
  6. f Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol consumption, asp = aspirin, bmi = body mass index, edu = education, exer = exercise, occ = occupation, pov = poverty, smok = smoking.
  7. g The population included < 0.5% females.
  8. h RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source.
  9. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.