From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America
 | ST use |  |  | RR/OR | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sourcea | Typeb | Exposurec | Smoking | Sex | Id. | Casesd | Estimate (95%CI) | Adjustment factorse |
Cohort studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
US veterans: Heinemann et al. 1992 [16] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- multiple myeloma | ST | Use | Never | Mf | 1 | 6 | 1.00 (0.40–2.30) | age, time, yriv |
CPS-II: Henley et al. 2005 [23] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- any haematopoietic cancer | ST | Current | Never | M | 2 | 19 | 0.95 (0.60–1.51) | age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race |
 |  | Former |  |  | 3 | 9 | 1.16 (0.60–2.25) |  |
 |  | Ever |  |  | 4 | 28 | 1.01 (0.69–1.48)g |  |
Swedish construction workers: Fernberg et al. 2006 [30] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | Snuff | Ever | Never | M | 5 | 66 | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | age, bmi |
- Hodgkin's disease | Snuff | Ever | Never | M | 6 | 15 | 0.88 (0.49–1.58) |  |
Swedish construction workers: Fernberg et al. 2007 [31] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- leukaemia | Snuff | Ever | Never | M | 7 | NA | no increased risk | age, bmi |
- multiple myeloma | Snuff | Ever | Never | M | 8 | NA | no increased risk | age, bmi |
Case-control studies | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Williams and Horm 1977 [55] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- any haemopoietic cancer | ST | Ever | Any | M | 9 | 13 | 0.63 (0.35–1.14)g | none |
 |  |  |  | F | 10 | 3 | 1.01 (0.31–3.29)g |  |
Lindquist et al. 1987 [72] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- leukaemia | Snuff | Ever | Any | M+F | 11 | 18 | 0.94 (0.47–1.89)h | age, res, sex |
Morris Brown et al. 1992 [87] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- leukaemia | ST | Use | Never | M | 12 | 24 | 1.80 (0.90–3.30)i | age, alc, res |
Morris Brown et al. 1992 [88] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | ST | Use | Never | M | 13 | 19 | 1.30 (0.70–2.50)j | age, res |
- multiple myeloma | ST | Use | Never | M | 14 | 5 | 1.90 (0.50–6.60) | age, res |
Hardell et al. 1994 [95] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | Snuff | Use | Any | M | 15 | 35 | 1.50 (0.90–2.50) | none |
Schroeder et al. 2002 [110] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | Chew | Ever | Any | M | 16 | 19 | 1.23 (0.80–1.88)k | age, res |
 | Snuff |  |  |  | 17 | 19 | 0.93 (0.61–1.41)k |  |
 | ST |  |  |  | 18 | 38 | 1.06 (0.77–1.45)l |  |
Bracci and Holly 2005 [112] | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
- non-Hodgkin's lymphoma | ST | Ever | Never | M | 19 | 7 | 4.00 (1.30–12.00) | age, alc, edu |