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Table 25 Other cancers; individual effect (relative risk/odds ratio) estimates

From: Systematic review of the relation between smokeless tobacco and cancer in Europe and North America

 

ST use

  

RR/OR

Sourcea

Typeb

Exposurec

Smoking

Sex

Id.

Casesd

Estimate (95%CI)

Adjustment factorse

Cohort studies

        

US Veterans: Zahm et al. 1992 [17]

        

- soft tissue sarcoma

ST

Ever

Any

Mf

1

21

0.85 (0.53–1.36)

age, smok, time

NHANES I: Accortt et al. 2005 [22]

        

- breast cancer

ST

Ever

Never

F

2

5

1.80 (0.50–6.50)

age, pov, race

CPS-I: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

        

- genitourinary cancer

ST

Current

Never

M

3

98

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

CPS-II: Henley et al. 2005 [23]

        

- genitourinary cancer

ST

Current

Never

M

4

44

1.15 (0.85–1.56)

age, alc, asp, bmi, diet, edu, exer, occ, race

  

Former

  

5

16

0.97 (0.59–1.59)

 
  

Ever

  

6

60

1.10 (0.84–1.42)g

 

Swedish construction workers: Odenbro et al. 2005 [29]

        

- cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

Snuff

Ever

Any

M

7

29

0.64 (0.44–0.95)

age, smok

Swedish construction workers: Odenbro et al. 2007 [33]

        

- melanomah

Snuff

Ever

Never

M

8

96

0.65 (0.52–0.82)

age, bir, bmi

Uppsala County: Roosaar et al. 2008 [35]

        

- smoking related cancer

Snuff

Ever

Any

M

9

71

1.10 (0.80–1.40)

age, alc, res, smok, time

   

Never

 

10

39

1.60 (1.10–2.50)

age, alc, res, time

Case-control studies

        

Moore et al. 1953 [39]

        

- cancer of face

ST

Use

Any

M

11

49

2.41 (1.09–5.35)

none

Williams and Horm 1977 [55]

        

- breast cancer

ST

Ever

Any

F

12

11

0.60 (0.31–1.17)g

age, smok

- cancer of male genitalia

ST

Ever

Any

M

13

2

0.47 (0.11–1.94)g

None

- cancer of cervix

ST

Ever

Any

F

14

10

4.18 (2.08–8.43)g

age, smok

- cancer of uterus

ST

Ever

Any

F

15

7

1.92 (0.86–4.28)g

age, smok

- cancer of ovary

ST

Ever

Any

F

16

2

0.77 (0.19–3.21)g

none

- cancer of vulva

ST

Ever

Any

F

17

1

2.06 (0.28–15.41)g

none

- connective tissue

ST

Ever

Any

M

18

1

0.26 (0.04–1.93)g

none

- melanoma

ST

Ever

Any

M

19

1

0.30 (0.04–2.18)g

none

- nervous system cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

20

1

0.18 (0.02–1.32)g

none

    

F

21

2

3.28 (0.77–13.99)g

 

- thyroid cancer

ST

Ever

Any

M

22

1

0.36 (0.05–2.69)g

none

    

F

23

1

0.73 (0.10–5.38)g

 

Zahm et al. 1989 [81]

        

- soft tissue sarcoma

ST

Ever

Any

M

24

28

1.80 (1.10–2.90)

Age

Zheng et al. 2001 [109]

        

- brain cancer (glioma)

Chew

Use

Any

M+F

25

NA

no association

NA

 

Snuff

   

26

NA

no association

 
  1. a Fuller details of the studies are given in Tables 1 and 2.
  2. b ST implies smokeless tobacco unspecified, or combined snuff use or chewing.
  3. c Ever, former and current ST use were compared with never ST. Use indicates timing not given and comparison is with non use.
  4. d 'Id.' is the RR/OR identification number, and 'Cases' is the number of cases in ST users as defined. NA = not available.
  5. e Abbreviations used: alc = alcohol, asp = aspirin, bir = birth cohort, bmi = body mass index, edu = education, exer = exercise, occ = occupation, pov = poverty, res = area of residence, smok = smoking. NA = not available.
  6. f The population included < 0.5% females.
  7. g RR/OR and/or 95% CI estimated from data provided in the source.
  8. h Including melanoma in situ
  9. CI = confidence interval; ST = smokeless tobacco; OR = odds ratio; RR = relative risk.
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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