Extremity position | Goniometer: stationary arm | Goniometer: movable arm | End position | Additional standardization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hip abduction | Supine. Test leg in natural (extended position). | Along a line joining the two anterior superior iliac spines. | Parallel to longitudinal axis of femur. | Hip abducted to limit of motion | Pelvis stabilized by fixing opposite leg slightly abducted and flexed over edge of plinth. |
Hip external rotation | Prone. With extended hips and the test leg knee flexed to 90°. Tester holding the tested leg and secure the pelvic rotation by stabilizing the pelvis with the other hand. | Parallel to the plinth. | Parallel to longitudinal axis of tibia. | External rotation to limit of motion just before pelvis just starts to lift from plinth. | |
Popliteal angle | Supine. Test leg flexed to 90° hip and knee. Place one hand at the anterior aspect of the knee, and other at the distal calf, posteriorly. | Parallel to the sagittal plane of femur. | Parallel to the sagittal plane of tibia. | Knee extended to limit of motion. Estimate the degrees of the angle on the posterior side of the flexed knee. A fully extended knee is 180°. | Contralateral leg maintained in extension to stabilize the pelvis. |
Knee extension | Supine with extended hips and knees. | Parallel to femur and trochanter major. | Parallel to tibia and the lateral malleol. | Knee extended to limit of motion. Extension deficit is reported with minus. | |
Foot dorsiflexion | Supine. The knee extended. | Parallel to the longitudinal axis of fibula. | Parallel to the longitudinal axis of fifth metatarsal. | Foot dorsiflexed to limit of motion. | Hind foot maintained in neutral to avoid calcaneal valgus or varus. |