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Table 1 Individual-factor associations between potential confounders and axillary temperature measures throughout the newborn period

From: Neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors among newborns of southern Nepal

Potential risk factor

No. < 35°C

Measures

Prevalence rate (per 100 measures)

Adjusted prevalence rate (95% confidence interval)*

Infant-level variables

    

Sex

    

Male

1271

109893

1.16

 

Female

1863

103743

1.80

1.54 (1.42, 1.67)

Birth weight

    

≥ 2500 g

1620

147663

1.10

 

2000 - 2499 g

879

52970

1.66

1.67 (1.53, 1.82)

1500 - 2000 g

445

8854

5.03

5.34 (4.66, 6.12)

< 1500 g

160

973

16.44

17.3 (12.6, 23.6)

Gestational age

    

≥ 37 wks

2281

176380

1.29

 

34 - 37 wks

720

34182

2.11

1.64 (1.37, 1.83)

< 34 wks

132

2961

4.46

4.39 (3.38, 5.73)

Small for gestational age (SGA)

    

Not SGA

1041

92199

1.13

 

SGA

2062

118148

1.75

1.65 (1.51, 1.79)

Parental level variables

    

Maternal age (years)

    

< 15

23

996

2.31

 

15.0-19.9

752

53029

1.42

0.66 (0.39, 1.09)

20.0-24.9

1169

84573

1.38

0.61 (0.37, 1.02)

25.0-29.9

686

46819

1.47

0.64 (0.38, 1.07)

30.0-34.4

348

19552

1.78

0.77 (0.46, 1.30)

35.0+

156

8667

1.8

0.77 (0.45, 1.32)

Maternal literacy

    

No

2553

159538

1.60

 

Yes

580

53983

1.07

0.67 (0.61, 0.75)

Maternal education (years)

    

None

2589

163391

1.58

 

1-3

57

4730

1.21

0.74 (0.53, 1.05)

4-6

199

15945

1.25

0.76 (0.65, 0.89)

7-9

150

13440

1.12

0.70 (0.58, 0.84)

10+

139

16130

0.86

0.58 (0.46, 0.72)

Paternal literacy

    

No

1582

93307

1.70

 

Yes

1551

120120

1.29

0.77 (0.71, 0.84)

Paternal education (years)

    

None

1667

99134

1.68

 

1-3

132

8812

1.50

0.91 (0.74, 1.11)

4-6

459

32131

1.43

0.85 (0.76, 0.96)

7-9

432

32422

1.33

0.78 (0.69, 0.89)

10+

444

41137

1.08

0.66 (0.59, 0.75)

Paternal occupation

    

Farmer/unskilled laborer

2398

155637

1.54

 

Skilled worker

732

57647

1.27

0.82 (0.74, 0.90)

Maternal hypothermia at baseline

    

None/mild (≥ 36.0°C)

2733

193117

1.42

 

Moderate/severe (< 36.0°C)

324

11128

2.91

1.45 (1.27, 1.66)

Labour and delivery variables

    

Place of birth

    

Facility

122

16405

  

Non-facility

2985

189450

 

1.62 (1.27, 2.06)

Time to placental delivery (min)

    

< 1

195

14994

1.30

 

1 - 3

882

56613

1.56

1.09 (0.89, 1.32)

3 - 5

424

28785

1.47

1.08 (0.88, 1.33)

5 - 10

810

55650

1.46

1.02 (0.84, 1.24)

10 - 30

438

29472

1.49

1.05 (0.85, 1.30)

> = 30

342

17829

1.92

1.33 (1.06, 1.67)

Birth attendant

    

Skilled

138

16297

0.85

 

Non-skilled

2966

189232

1.57

1.47 (1.19, 1.82)

Household and socioeconomic status variables

    

Caste

    

Other castes

2822

183562

1.54

 

Upper (Brahmin/Chhetri)

263

26996

0.97

0.63 (0.54, 0.74)

Ethnic group

    

Hills (Pahadi)

626

59542

1.05

 

Plains (Madeshi)

2454

150824

1.63

1.59 (1.44, 1.76)

Latrine

    

Other/none

2828

186190

1.52

 

Brick/cement

179

17820

1.00

0.71 (0.59, 0.86)

Pit latrine

73

6004

1.22

0.82 (0.62, 1.10)

Household has electricity

    

No

2429

159851

1.52

 

Yes

655

50540

1.30

0.87 (0.78, 0.96)

Household has television

    

No

2644

172871

1.53

 

Yes

440

37500

1.17

0.80 (0.71, 0.90)

Newborn care practices

    

Breastfeeding initiation (hours)

    

< 24

1452

120253

1.21

 

> = 24

1595

90658

1.76

1.49 (1.37, 1.62)

Timing of cord cutting

    

Before placenta

63

8219

0.77

 

After placenta delivered

3018

195031

1.55

1.74 (1.31, 2.33)

Baby bathed after birth†

    

No

332

21696

1.53

 

Yes

2768

183386

1.51

1.18 (1.02, 1.36)

Time to giving baby first bath (hours)‡

    

> 24

19

1797

1.06

 

12.0 - 23.9

131

8148

1.61

0.97 (0.56, 1.71)

6.0 - 11.9

224

13407

1.67

0.98 (0.57, 1.67)

3.0 - 5.9

153

7458

2.05

1.21 (0.69, 2.12)

1.0 - 2.9

826

50679

1.63

1.05 (0.53, 1.51)

< 1

1409

101084

1.39

0.90 (0.53, 1.51)

Oil massage given after bath‡

    

No

360

22407

1.61

 

Yes

2397

160386

1.49

0.75 (0.66, 0.95)

Room warmed during first 14 days

    

No

304

36622

0.83

 

Yes

2744

175008

1.57

1.04 (0.90, 1.19)

Baby wears cap during first 14 days

    

No

271

37738

0.72

 

Yes

2777

173870

1.60

0.85 (0.71, 1.02)

Skin to skin contact during first 14 days

    

No

2799

201332

1.39

 

Yes

221

9471

2.33

1.41 (1.18, 1.68)

  1. * All estimates are adjusted for the age of the baby and the minimum ambient temperature on the day of measurement.
  2. † Data was collected at the time of first assessment after the birth and the timing of this visit was variable. For those met very early, respondents might report 'no bath', even though baby was probably given a bath after these data were collected.
  3. ‡ These variables only measured among those reporting a bath had been provided to the newborn.