From: Neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors among newborns of southern Nepal
Potential risk factor | No. < 35°C | Measures | Prevalence rate (per 100 measures) | Adjusted prevalence rate (95% confidence interval)* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infant-level variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 1271 | 109893 | 1.16 | Â |
Female | 1863 | 103743 | 1.80 | 1.54 (1.42, 1.67) |
Birth weight | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≥ 2500 g | 1620 | 147663 | 1.10 |  |
2000 - 2499 g | 879 | 52970 | 1.66 | 1.67 (1.53, 1.82) |
1500 - 2000 g | 445 | 8854 | 5.03 | 5.34 (4.66, 6.12) |
< 1500 g | 160 | 973 | 16.44 | 17.3 (12.6, 23.6) |
Gestational age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
≥ 37 wks | 2281 | 176380 | 1.29 |  |
34 - 37 wks | 720 | 34182 | 2.11 | 1.64 (1.37, 1.83) |
< 34 wks | 132 | 2961 | 4.46 | 4.39 (3.38, 5.73) |
Small for gestational age (SGA) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not SGA | 1041 | 92199 | 1.13 | Â |
SGA | 2062 | 118148 | 1.75 | 1.65 (1.51, 1.79) |
Parental level variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal age (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 15 | 23 | 996 | 2.31 | Â |
15.0-19.9 | 752 | 53029 | 1.42 | 0.66 (0.39, 1.09) |
20.0-24.9 | 1169 | 84573 | 1.38 | 0.61 (0.37, 1.02) |
25.0-29.9 | 686 | 46819 | 1.47 | 0.64 (0.38, 1.07) |
30.0-34.4 | 348 | 19552 | 1.78 | 0.77 (0.46, 1.30) |
35.0+ | 156 | 8667 | 1.8 | 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) |
Maternal literacy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 2553 | 159538 | 1.60 | Â |
Yes | 580 | 53983 | 1.07 | 0.67 (0.61, 0.75) |
Maternal education (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None | 2589 | 163391 | 1.58 | Â |
1-3 | 57 | 4730 | 1.21 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) |
4-6 | 199 | 15945 | 1.25 | 0.76 (0.65, 0.89) |
7-9 | 150 | 13440 | 1.12 | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84) |
10+ | 139 | 16130 | 0.86 | 0.58 (0.46, 0.72) |
Paternal literacy | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 1582 | 93307 | 1.70 | Â |
Yes | 1551 | 120120 | 1.29 | 0.77 (0.71, 0.84) |
Paternal education (years) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None | 1667 | 99134 | 1.68 | Â |
1-3 | 132 | 8812 | 1.50 | 0.91 (0.74, 1.11) |
4-6 | 459 | 32131 | 1.43 | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) |
7-9 | 432 | 32422 | 1.33 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) |
10+ | 444 | 41137 | 1.08 | 0.66 (0.59, 0.75) |
Paternal occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Farmer/unskilled laborer | 2398 | 155637 | 1.54 | Â |
Skilled worker | 732 | 57647 | 1.27 | 0.82 (0.74, 0.90) |
Maternal hypothermia at baseline | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None/mild (≥ 36.0°C) | 2733 | 193117 | 1.42 |  |
Moderate/severe (< 36.0°C) | 324 | 11128 | 2.91 | 1.45 (1.27, 1.66) |
Labour and delivery variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Place of birth | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Facility | 122 | 16405 | Â | Â |
Non-facility | 2985 | 189450 | Â | 1.62 (1.27, 2.06) |
Time to placental delivery (min) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 1 | 195 | 14994 | 1.30 | Â |
1 - 3 | 882 | 56613 | 1.56 | 1.09 (0.89, 1.32) |
3 - 5 | 424 | 28785 | 1.47 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) |
5 - 10 | 810 | 55650 | 1.46 | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) |
10 - 30 | 438 | 29472 | 1.49 | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) |
> = 30 | 342 | 17829 | 1.92 | 1.33 (1.06, 1.67) |
Birth attendant | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Skilled | 138 | 16297 | 0.85 | Â |
Non-skilled | 2966 | 189232 | 1.57 | 1.47 (1.19, 1.82) |
Household and socioeconomic status variables | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Caste | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Other castes | 2822 | 183562 | 1.54 | Â |
Upper (Brahmin/Chhetri) | 263 | 26996 | 0.97 | 0.63 (0.54, 0.74) |
Ethnic group | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Hills (Pahadi) | 626 | 59542 | 1.05 | Â |
Plains (Madeshi) | 2454 | 150824 | 1.63 | 1.59 (1.44, 1.76) |
Latrine | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Other/none | 2828 | 186190 | 1.52 | Â |
Brick/cement | 179 | 17820 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) |
Pit latrine | 73 | 6004 | 1.22 | 0.82 (0.62, 1.10) |
Household has electricity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 2429 | 159851 | 1.52 | Â |
Yes | 655 | 50540 | 1.30 | 0.87 (0.78, 0.96) |
Household has television | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 2644 | 172871 | 1.53 | Â |
Yes | 440 | 37500 | 1.17 | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) |
Newborn care practices | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Breastfeeding initiation (hours) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 24 | 1452 | 120253 | 1.21 | Â |
> = 24 | 1595 | 90658 | 1.76 | 1.49 (1.37, 1.62) |
Timing of cord cutting | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Before placenta | 63 | 8219 | 0.77 | Â |
After placenta delivered | 3018 | 195031 | 1.55 | 1.74 (1.31, 2.33) |
Baby bathed after birth†|  |  |  |  |
No | 332 | 21696 | 1.53 | Â |
Yes | 2768 | 183386 | 1.51 | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) |
Time to giving baby first bath (hours)‡ |  |  |  |  |
> 24 | 19 | 1797 | 1.06 | Â |
12.0 - 23.9 | 131 | 8148 | 1.61 | 0.97 (0.56, 1.71) |
6.0 - 11.9 | 224 | 13407 | 1.67 | 0.98 (0.57, 1.67) |
3.0 - 5.9 | 153 | 7458 | 2.05 | 1.21 (0.69, 2.12) |
1.0 - 2.9 | 826 | 50679 | 1.63 | 1.05 (0.53, 1.51) |
< 1 | 1409 | 101084 | 1.39 | 0.90 (0.53, 1.51) |
Oil massage given after bath‡ |  |  |  |  |
No | 360 | 22407 | 1.61 | Â |
Yes | 2397 | 160386 | 1.49 | 0.75 (0.66, 0.95) |
Room warmed during first 14 days | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 304 | 36622 | 0.83 | Â |
Yes | 2744 | 175008 | 1.57 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.19) |
Baby wears cap during first 14 days | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 271 | 37738 | 0.72 | Â |
Yes | 2777 | 173870 | 1.60 | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) |
Skin to skin contact during first 14 days | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 2799 | 201332 | 1.39 | Â |
Yes | 221 | 9471 | 2.33 | 1.41 (1.18, 1.68) |