Blood cell gene expression associated with cellular stress defense is modulated by antioxidant-rich food in a randomised controlled clinical trial of male smokers

Table 3 Plasma carotenoids (nmol/L) and biomarkers of carotenoid-rich dietary items

	Control group (n = 10)				Antioxidant-rich diet group (n = 10)				Kiwifruit group (n = 9)
	Baseline		Change		Baseline		Change		Baseline		Change		P ^a
Lutein	0.13	(0.08-0.18)	0.00	(-0.03-0.04)	0.14	(0.11-0.20)	0.05	(0.00-0.12)	0.14	(0.08-0.22)	0.05	(-0.02-0.07)	0.07^b
Zeaxanthin	0.03	(0.02-0.04)	0.00	(-0.01-0.01)	0.04	(0.02-0.06)	-0.01	(-0.03-0.00)	0.03	(0.02-0.05)	0.00	(-0.01-0.01)	0.03^c
β-cryptoxanthin	0.07	(0.03-0.16)	0.00	(-0.03-0.01)	0.12	(0.06-0.23)	-0.05	(-0.13-0.01)	0.08	(0.06-0.12)	-0.03	(-0.04-0.00)	0.10
α-carotene	0.06	(0.03-0.09)	-0.01	(-0.04-0.00)	0.03	(0.02-0.11)	0.07	(0.00-0.18)	0.07	(0.06-0.08)	-0.01	(-0.02-0.04)	0.01^c
β-carotene	0.26	(0.22-0.38)	-0.04	(-0.26-0.05)	0.16	(0.11-0.66)	0.08	(-0.01-0.17)	0.36	(0.13-0.52)	-0.05	(-0.11-0.07)	0.02^c
Lycopene	0.50	(0.20-0.71)	-0.01	(-0.12-0.34)	0.58	(0.30-0.88)	-0.10	(-0.41-0.14)	0.57	(0.41-0.68)	0.04	(-0.04-0.30)	0.11

Group median with 95% confidence interval.
^aKruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the changes between the groups. A Mann-Whitney test was used as post hoc test.
^bChange during intervention is significantly different between the kiwifruit group and controls.
^cSignificant difference between the antioxidant-rich diet group and controls. Baseline values were not significantly different between the groups (P values not shown).

ISSN: 1741-7015