Table 2 Summary of achieved results

Low glucose suspend

Postmarketing studies

Reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia in those with greatest risk; well- accepted by patients

[61, 62]

Suspend to prevent low glucose

Laboratory studies; home studies planned

Prevention of 80% of events of nocturnal hypoglycemia; effective as part of overnight closed-loop system

[39, 40]

Treat to range

Laboratory testing underway

-

-

Overnight

Laboratory studies; home studies planned

Increased time spent in target glucose range by 20% in adolescents and adults; reduced risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia

[24, 43]

Meal announcement

Laboratory studies

Feasibility documented in children, adults, and pregnant women using various control algorithms; preferred option by most investigators

[26, 44, 46, 58, 63]

Fully closed-loop

Laboratory studies

Feasibility documented in children and adults; addition of small prandial bolus improves control; delayed insulin absorption/action remains a challenge

[25, 45, 64]

Fully closed-loop with glucagon coadministration

Laboratory studies

Feasibility documented in adults; glucagon helpful but cannot always overcome insulin overdelivery

[47, 48]