Predictive factors of urinary tract infections among the oldest old in the general population. a population-based prospective follow-up study

Table 4 Predictive factors for UTI stratified for living situation by univariate Cox regression analysis after the age of 86 years

	Independently (N = 372)			Long-term care facility (N = 107)
	N	HR (95%CI)	P-value	N	HR (95%CI)	P-value
Socio-demographic factors
Female	242	1.4 (0.9, 2.3)	0.127	80	2.1 (0.9, 4.9)	0.098
Low income	170	1.0 (0.7, 1.5)	0.914	68	0.9 (0.5, 1.6)	0.650
Primary school only	221	1.2 (0.8, 1.9)	0.452	75	2.3 (1.1, 4.9)	0.036
Smoking (current)	55	1.1 (0.6, 1.9)	0.817	15	1.4 (0.6, 3.1)	0.443
Body Mass Index ≥27	171	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	0.329	41	0.9 (0.4, 1.7)	0.655
Functioning
Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 19)	36	1.9 (1.1, 3.4)	0.030	54	2.3 (1.2, 4.4)	0.009
Depressive symptoms (GDS-15 > 4)	46	1.2 (0.6, 2.2)	0.578	12	0.2 (0.0, 1.7)	0.146
Disability in daily living †	191	1.9 (1.3, 2.9)	0.002	92	3.6 (1.1, 11.7)	0.033
Co-morbidities
Diabetes mellitus	53	0.8 (0.4, 1.5)	0.536	23	1.1 (0.5, 2.6)	0.759
Stroke	31	1.4 (0.8, 2.8)	0.269	29	1.6 (0.9, 3.1)	0.143
Cancer	80	1.1 (0.6, 1.8)	0.845	17	1.0 (0.4, 2.4)	0.963
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (IPSS score ≥8)	49	1.3 (0.6, 2.9)	0.521	4	NA	NA
UTI between the ages of 85 and 86 years	41	3.3 (2.1, 5.3)	< 0.001	31	4.1 (2.2, 7.5)	< 0.001
Unintentional loss of faeces	35	2.7 (1.6, 4.8)	< 0.001	30	2.5 (1.3, 4.6)	0.004
Self-reported urine incontinence	143	1.7 (1.2, 2.6)	0.007	69	1.9 (0.9, 4.0)	0.071
Medical diagnosis incontinence	69	1.3 (0.8, 2.2)	0.260	26	1.7 (0.9, 3.4)	0.110
PRAFAB score ≥11	76	0.7 (0.3, 1.7)	0.462	24	NA	NA
PRAFAB: Pad use	69	1.0 (0.4, 2.2)	0.949	22	1.9 (0.3, 15.1)	0.530
Creatinine clearance < 30 mL/minute	29	0.8 (0.4, 1.6)	0.487	14	1.8 (0.5, 5.8)	0.337
CRP > 5 mg/L	116	1.2 (0.8, 1.8)	0.425	43	1.1 (0.6, 2.1)	0.664

HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; GDS-15 = 'Geriatric Depression Scale' with 15 items (only administered to participants with MMSE ≥19); IPSS = 'International Prostate Symptom Score' (only administered to male participants with MMSE-score ≥19); MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; PRAFAB = 5-item questionnaire score incontinence (only administered to participants with MMSE-score ≥19); py = person-years; UTI = urinary tract infection.
† Disability in daily living = unable to do any one of the nine basic activities of daily living independently, according to the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale
NA = not applicable

ISSN: 1741-7015