Exacerbation definition group (study typeb) | Country (sample size) | Classification (stage of COPD) | Mean number of exacerbations per patient and per yearc | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Burge et al., 2003 [58]d (CT) | United Kingdom (524) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 1.6-1.7 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.1-1.4 | Fluticasone propionate |
   Calverley et al., 2003 [59] (CT) | 25 countries (1,974) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 1.3 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.0 | Salmeterol |
 |  |  | 1.0 | Fluticasone |
 |  |  | 1.0 | Salmeterol and fluticasone |
   Jones et al., 2003 [60]d (CT) | United Kingdom (751) | GOLD (1 or 2) | 1.0 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.7 | Fluticasone |
 |  | GOLD (3 or 4) | 1.7 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.5 | Fluticasone |
   Andersson et al., 2002 [61] (CT) | Sweden (191) | GOLD/BTS | 1.2 |  |
   Burge et al., 2000 [62]d (CT) | United Kingdom (751) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 1.9 (2.6) | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.4 (1.9) | Fluticasone |
Symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Effing et al., 2009 [63] (CT) | Netherlands (142) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 3.5 (2.7) |  |
   Worth et al., 2009 [64]e (CT) | Germany (220) | GOLD (3 or 4) | 0.9 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.4 | Cineole |
   Schermer et al., 2009 [65] (CT) | Netherlands (286) | GOLD (1-3) | 0.7 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.9 | Fluticasone |
 |  |  | 1.0 | N-acetylcysteine |
   O'Reilly et al., 2006 [66] (OS) | United Kingdom (309) | GOLD (1 or 2) | 2.2 [1.9-2.7] | Symptom-defined |
 |  |  | 2.3 [2.0-2.8] | Healthcare-defined |
 |  | GOLD (3 or 4) | 2.5 [2.1-2.9] | Symptom-defined |
 |  |  | 3.2 [2.8-3.7] | Healthcare-defined |
   Wilkinson et al., 2006 [67] (OS) | United Kingdom (74) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 2.5 {1.3-3.8} |  |
   Donaldson et al., 2003 [68] (OS) | United Kingdom (132) | GOLD (2 or 4) | 2.5 {1.3-3.9} |  |
   Seemungal et al., 2000 [69] (OS) | United Kingdom (101) | GOLD (2 or 4) | 2.4 {1.3-3.8} |  |
Treatment and symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Seemungal et al., 2008 [70] (CT) | United Kingdom (109) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 2.0 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.0 | Erythromycin |
   Tashkin et al., 2008 [71] (CT) | 37 countries (5,993) | GOLD (2-4) | 0.8 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.7 | Tiotropium |
   Calverley et al., 2008 [72] (CT) | 11 countries (911) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 1.0 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.6 | Mometasone furoate |
   Wedzicha et al., 2008 [73] (CT) | 20 countries (1,323) | GOLD (3 or 4) | 1.3 | SFC |
 |  |  | 1.3 | Tiotropium |
   Dusser et al., 2006 [74] (CT) | France (1,010) | GOLD (1 or 2) | 2.0 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.2 | Tiotropium |
 |  | GOLD (3 or 4) | 1.8 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 2.7 | Tiotropium |
   Soler-Cataluña et al., 2005 [55] (OS) | Spain (304) | GOLD (1) | (75, 25, 00)f |  |
 |  | GOLD (2) | (60, 35, 05)f |  |
 |  | GOLD (3) | (56, 32, 12)f |  |
 |  | GOLD (4) | (34, 40, 26)f |  |
   Oostenbrink et al., 2004 [75] (CT) | Netherlands and Belgium (519) | GOLD (1-4) | 1.0 (0.1) | Placebo |
 |  |  | 0.7 (0.1) | Fluticasone |
   Brusasco et al., 2003 [76] (CT) | 18 countries (1,207) | GOLD (2 or 3) | 1.5 | Placebo |
 |  |  | 1.2 | Salmeterol |
 |  |  | 1.1 | Tiotropium |
Model | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Borg et al., 2004 [77] (M) | Netherlands | GOLD (1) | (0.05, 0.07, 0.01)g |  |
 |  | GOLD (2) | (1.01, 1.31, 0.14)g |  |
 |  | GOLD (3) | (1.06, 1.45, 0.17)g |  |
 |  | GOLD (4) | (1.47, 1.72, 0.33)g |  |
Not defined | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Detournay et al., 2004 [53] (OS) | France (255) | Moderate | 1.7 |  |
 |  | Moderate to | 1.5 |  |
 |  | severe |  |  |
 |  | Severe | 2.0 |  |