| Pre-ENC (N = 1,867) | Post-ENC (N = 5,528) | P-value | Post-NRP Control (N = 3,317) | Post-NRP Intervention (N = 2,883) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Birth attendant a | 1,867 | 5,528 | 0.0011 | 3,317 | 2,883 | 0.9971 |
   Physician | 5 (0.3) | 1 (0.0) |  | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) |  |
   Nurse/midwife | 330 (17.7) | 1,242 (22.5) |  | 973 (29.3) | 859 (29.8) |  |
   Traditional birth attendants | 1,481 (79.3) | 4,248 (76.8) |  | 2,331 (70.3) | 2,012 (69.8) |  |
   Family/unattended/other | 51 (2.7) | 37 (0.7) |  | 12 (0.4) | 11 (0.4) |  |
Location of birth b | 1,867 | 5,528 | 0.0013 | 3,317 | 2,883 | 0.8681 |
   Hospital | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) |  | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.0) |  |
   Clinic | 403 (21.6) | 1,473 (26.6) |  | 1,056 (31.8) | 988 (34.3) |  |
   Birth attendant home | 1,328 (71.1) | 4,019 (72.7) |  | 2,248 (67.8) | 1,889 (65.5) |  |
   Home | 116 (6.2) | 13 (0.2) |  | 4 (0.1) | 4 (0.1) |  |
   Other | 18 (1.0) | 20 (0.4) |  | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.0) |  |
Maternal education | 1,864 | 5,515 | 0.9603 | 3,315 | 2,880 | 0.0411 |
   No school | 1,204 (64.6) | 3,545 (64.3) |  | 2,472 (74.6) | 1,693 (58.8) |  |
   Primary | 567 (30.4) | 1,726 (31.3) |  | 736 (22.2) | 1,064 (36.9) |  |
   Secondary or above | 93 (5.0) | 244 (4.4) |  | 107 (3.2) | 123 (4.3) |  |
Neonatal characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Multiple birth | 55 (2.9) | 176 (3.2) | 0.7293 | 99 (3.0) | 78 (2.7) | 0.6131 |
   Gender | 1,857 | 5,522 | 0.1936 | 3,316 | 2,877 | 0.0382 |
Male | 948 (51.1) | 2,896 (52.4) | Â | 1,750 (52.8) | 1,459 (50.7) | Â |
Female | 909 (48.9) | 2,626 (47.6) | Â | 1,566 (47.2) | 1,418 (49.3) | Â |
   Birth weight | 1,853 | 5,508 | 0.7716 | 3,313 | 2,875 | 0.9781 |
1500-1999 grams | 50 (2.7) | 106 (1.9) | Â | 58 (1.8) | 48 (1.7) | Â |
2000-2499 grams | 132 (7.1) | 454 (8.2) | Â | 273 (8.2) | 238 (8.3) | Â |
≥ 2500 grams | 1,671 (90.2) | 4,948 (89.8) |  | 2,982 (90.0) | 2,589 (90.1) |  |
   Apgar 1 min < 4 | 74/1,852 (4.0) | 196/5,522 (3.5) | 0.2625 | 105/3,316 (3.2) | 85/2,877 (3.0) | 0.7124 |
   Apgar 5 min < 4 | 49/1,853 (2.6) | 144/5,522 (2.6) | 0.9186 | 91/3,316 (2.7) | 67/2,877 (2.3) | 0.5754 |
   Apneic at birth | 186/1,855 (10.0) | 394/5,518 (7.1) | 0.0017 | 193/3,315 (5.8) | 158/2,877 (5.5) | 0.7470 |
   Bag and mask ventilation | 1/1,867 (0.1) | 14/5,528 (0.3) | 0.1901 | 62/3,317 (1.9) | 103/2,883 (3.6) | 0.0793 |