Table 3 Epigenetic clinical trials for aging-related degenerative diseasesa
Drugs | Epigenetic effect | Description | Clinical trials | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Azacitidine | DNMT inhibitors | 5-azacytidine; a chemical analogue of cytidine that affects DNA methylation as a false substrate | Phases I, II and III: myelodysplastic syndromes such as leukemia | [60] |
Decitabine | DNMT inhibitors | 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a chemical analogue of cytidine that affects DNA methylation as a false substrate | Phases I, II and III: myelodysplastic syndromes such as leukemia, cervical, and non-small-cell lung cancer | [60] |
Depsipeptide | HDAC inhibitors | Cyclic tetrapeptide | Phases I and II: hematological tumors such as leukemia and lymphoma | |
Phenylbutyrate | HDAC inhibitors | Aliphatic acid | Phases I and II: hematological tumors such as leukemia and lymphoma and colorectal cancer | |
Valproic acid | HDAC inhibitors | Aliphatic acid | Phase I: hematological tumors such as leukemia and lymphoma | |
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid | HDAC inhibitors | Hydroxamic acid | Phases I and II: hematological tumors, such as leukemia and lymphoma, solid tumors | |
Resveratrol | SIRT1 activator | A natural compound enriched in grapes and red wine | Phase I and II: diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease and cancers | |
Genistein | Inhibitor of both DNMTs and HDACs | Active epigenetic diet found in soybean products | Preclinical: diabetes and cancer | |
EGCG | Inhibitor of both DNMTs and HDACs | Active epigenetic dietary compound enriched in green tea | Phase I: diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer | |
Sulforaphane | HDAC inhibitor | Active epigenetic dietary compound enriched in broccoli sprouts | Preclinical |