Figure 4

Effects of fetal sex and maternal smoking on expression of transcripts encodingIGF2(A) andGR(B), and on DNA methylation (C and D) in the human fetal liver. Real-time PCR was used to measure specific transcript levels and pyrosequencing was used to analyze DNA methylation as described in the text. Data from individual fetuses (11–16 fetuses per group) are shown, and the horizontal bar represents the mean of the group. In A and B, significant differences between groups are indicated by letters in the boxes above each graph. Within each transcript, groups that do not share a letter are significantly (P <0.05) different. NSm, represents control fetuses from non-smoking mothers; Sm, represents smoke-exposed fetuses from mothers who smoked during pregnancy. Fetal sex is denoted by the appropriate symbol.