Figure 3

Associations between different daily maternal cigarette consumption and internalizing behaviors in children at 18 months, 36 months, and 5 years. This figure displays the individual B coefficients for associations between different daily rates of maternal smoking during prgnancy and internalizing behaviors at different time points adjusted for Model B covariates. Associations were discovered for all rates of smoking at 18 months. Non-smoking mother-child pairs are the reference group. Internalizing behaviors have been log transformed and standardized. B coefficients should be interpreted as units of standard deviation difference in corrected internalizing behaviors between smokers and non-smokers. All analyses adjusted for Model B covariates paternal smoking, maternal alcohol consumption, maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms, maternal age, maternal education level, parity, and gestational age at birth. Reported n’s are numbers of smokers at each time point in that smoking category. N’s for maternal non-smokers were 46,986, 38,268, and 14,800 at time points 18 months, 36 months, and 5 years, respectively.