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Table 2 Association of whole grain intake with total and cause-specific mortality

From: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals

 

All participants

Whole grains (oz eq/d)

P trend

Q1 (n = 41,248)

Q2 (n = 41,248)

Q3 (n = 41,249)

Q4 (n = 41,248)

Q5 (n = 41,249)

0.13

0.30

0.47

0.69

1.20

Causes of death

       

All cause

       

No. of deaths

46,067

11,845

9,450

8,694

8,054

8,024

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.78 (0.76–0.80)

0.70 (0.68–0.72)

0.63(0.61–0.65)

0.61 (0.59–0.62)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.88 (0.86–0.91)

0.83 (0.81–0.85)

0.78 (0.75–0.80)

0.77 (0.75–0.79)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.93 (0.90–0.95)

0.89 (0.87–0.92)

0.85 (0.82–0.87)

0.83 (0.81–0.86)

<0.0001

Model 4

 

1.00

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

0.95 (0.92–0.98)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.94 (0.90–0.97)

0.002

Cardiovascular disease

       

No. of deaths

11,283

2,921

2,330

2,121

1,914

1,997

<0.0001

Model 1

 

1.00

0.78 (0.74–0.83)

0.69 (0.65–0.73)

0.60 (0.57–0.64)

0.60 (0.57–0.64)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.88 (0.83–0.93)

0.81 (0.77–0.86)

0.73 (0.69–0.77)

0.75 (0.71–0.80)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.93 (0.88–0.98)

0.88 (0.83–0.93)

0.81 (0.77–0.86)

0.83 (0.78–0.88)

<0.0001

Model 4

 

1.00

0.96 (0.91–1.02)

0.95 (0.89–1.01)

0.90 (0.84–0.97)

0.95 (0.88–1.03)

0.188

Cancer

       

No. of deaths

19,043

4,836

3,912

3,616

3,388

3,291

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.79 (0.76–0.83)

0.71 (0.68–0.75)

0.65 (0.62–0.68)

0.61 (0.59–0.64)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

0.86 (0.83–0.90)

0.82 (0.79–0.86)

0.80 (0.76–0.84)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

0.88 (0.84–0.92)

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

<0.0001

Model 4

 

1.00

0.96 (0.92–1.00)

0.95 (0.90–0.99)

0.93 (0.88–0.98)

0.93 (0.88–0.99)

0.025

Diabetes

       

No. of deaths

371

113

72

73

66

47

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.62 (0.46–0.84)

0.62 (0.46–0.83)

0.54 (0.40–0.73)

0.37 (0.27–0.52)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.67 (0.49–0.90)

0.67 (0.50–0.91)

0.60 (0.44–0.82)

0.42 (0.30–0.60)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.71 (0.53–0.96)

0.76 (0.56–1.03)

0.72 (0.53–0.99)

0.52 (0.37–0.75)

0.0009

Model 4

 

1.00

0.74 (0.54–1.00)

0.81 (0.59–1.13)

0.78 (0.55–1.13)

0.57 (0.37–0.89)

0.029

Respiratory disease

  

No. of deaths

3,796

1,123

802

673

606

592

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.69 (0.63–0.75)

0.56 (0.50–0.61)

0.48 (0.43–0.53)

0.45 (0.41–0.50)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.88 (0.80–0.96)

0.79 (0.72–0.87)

0.74 (0.67–0.82)

0.74 (0.67–0.82)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.99 (0.90–1.09)

0.94 (0.85–1.03)

0.91 (0.82–1.01)

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.0099

Model 4

 

1.00

1.02 (0.93–1.12)

1.00 (0.90–1.11)

1.01 (0.90–1.14)

1.03 (0.91–1.18)

0.67

Infections

       

No. of deaths

922

251

184

163

161

163

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.71 (0.59–0.86)

0.61 (0.50–0.75)

0.58 (0.48–0.71)

0.57 (0.47–0.70)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.78 (0.64–0.94)

0.69 (0.57–0.84)

0.68 (0.55–0.83)

0.68 (0.55–0.83)

0.0002

Model 3

 

1.00

0.84 (0.70–1.02)

0.78 (0.64–0.96)

0.79 (0.65–0.97)

0.77 (0.62–0.95)

0.02

Model 4

 

1.00

0.87 (0.71–1.06)

0.83 (0.67–1.04)

0.87 (0.69–1.10)

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

0.54

Other/unknown causes

No. of deaths

5,223

1,206

1,058

1,038

940

981

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.86 (0.79–0.93)

0.82 (0.76–0.90)

0.71 (0.66–0.78)

0.72 (0.66–0.78)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.91 (0.84–0.99)

0.90 (0.83–0.98)

0.80 (0.73–0.87)

0.81 (0.74–0.88)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.97 (0.88–1.06)

0.97 (0.89–1.06)

0.87 (0.79–0.96)

0.86 (0.78–0.94)

0.0001

Model 4

 

1.00

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

1.03 (0.93–1.13)

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

0.98 (0.87–1.09)

0.54

  1. Data are hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The numbers of deaths are for participants who died during follow-up. The co-variables are baseline assessments.
  2. Model 1, Adjusted for age and gender; Model 2, Adjusted for age, gender, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and time of smoking cessation (<1 years, 1 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years, or ≥10 years before baseline); Model 3, Adjusted for age, gender, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, time of smoking cessation (<1 years, 1 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years, or ≥10 years before baseline), race or ethnicity group, alcohol intake, education level, marital status (yes, no), health status (poor, fair, good, very good), obesity (underweight, overweight, obesity), physical activity, consumption of red meat, total fruit and total vegetables, total energy intake, and hormone usage. Model 4, Based on Model 3 further adjusted for cereal fiber.