All participants | Whole grains (oz eq/d) | P trend | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 41,248) | Q2 (n = 41,248) | Q3 (n = 41,249) | Q4 (n = 41,248) | Q5 (n = 41,249) | |||
0.13 | 0.30 | 0.47 | 0.69 | 1.20 | |||
Causes of death | |||||||
All cause | |||||||
No. of deaths | 46,067 | 11,845 | 9,450 | 8,694 | 8,054 | 8,024 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.76–0.80) | 0.70 (0.68–0.72) | 0.63(0.61–0.65) | 0.61 (0.59–0.62) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) | 0.83 (0.81–0.85) | 0.78 (0.75–0.80) | 0.77 (0.75–0.79) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | 0.85 (0.82–0.87) | 0.83 (0.81–0.86) | <0.0001 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | 0.002 | |
Cardiovascular disease | |||||||
No. of deaths | 11,283 | 2,921 | 2,330 | 2,121 | 1,914 | 1,997 | <0.0001 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.74–0.83) | 0.69 (0.65–0.73) | 0.60 (0.57–0.64) | 0.60 (0.57–0.64) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.81 (0.77–0.86) | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) | 0.75 (0.71–0.80) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.88 (0.83–0.93) | 0.81 (0.77–0.86) | 0.83 (0.78–0.88) | <0.0001 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.188 | |
Cancer | |||||||
No. of deaths | 19,043 | 4,836 | 3,912 | 3,616 | 3,388 | 3,291 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.76–0.83) | 0.71 (0.68–0.75) | 0.65 (0.62–0.68) | 0.61 (0.59–0.64) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) | 0.82 (0.79–0.86) | 0.80 (0.76–0.84) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | <0.0001 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.025 | |
Diabetes | |||||||
No. of deaths | 371 | 113 | 72 | 73 | 66 | 47 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.46–0.84) | 0.62 (0.46–0.83) | 0.54 (0.40–0.73) | 0.37 (0.27–0.52) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.67 (0.49–0.90) | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | 0.60 (0.44–0.82) | 0.42 (0.30–0.60) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.53–0.96) | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 0.72 (0.53–0.99) | 0.52 (0.37–0.75) | 0.0009 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.54–1.00) | 0.81 (0.59–1.13) | 0.78 (0.55–1.13) | 0.57 (0.37–0.89) | 0.029 | |
Respiratory disease | |||||||
No. of deaths | 3,796 | 1,123 | 802 | 673 | 606 | 592 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.63–0.75) | 0.56 (0.50–0.61) | 0.48 (0.43–0.53) | 0.45 (0.41–0.50) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.80–0.96) | 0.79 (0.72–0.87) | 0.74 (0.67–0.82) | 0.74 (0.67–0.82) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.89 (0.80–0.98) | 0.0099 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | 0.67 | |
Infections | |||||||
No. of deaths | 922 | 251 | 184 | 163 | 161 | 163 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | 0.58 (0.48–0.71) | 0.57 (0.47–0.70) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) | 0.68 (0.55–0.83) | 0.0002 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.70–1.02) | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) | 0.79 (0.65–0.97) | 0.77 (0.62–0.95) | 0.02 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 0.83 (0.67–1.04) | 0.87 (0.69–1.10) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.54 | |
Other/unknown causes | |||||||
No. of deaths | 5,223 | 1,206 | 1,058 | 1,038 | 940 | 981 | |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 0.71 (0.66–0.78) | 0.72 (0.66–0.78) | <0.0001 | |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | <0.0001 | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.0001 | |
Model 4 | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 0.98 (0.87–1.09) | 0.54 |