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Table 3 Association of cereal fiber intake with total and cause-specific mortality

From: Consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber and total and cause-specific mortality: prospective analysis of 367,442 individuals

 

All participants

 

Cereal fiber (g/d)

P trend

Q1 (n = 73,488)

Q2 (n = 73,488)

Q3 (n = 73,489)

Q4 (n = 73,488)

Q5 (n = 73,489)

2.02

4.15

5.27

6.65

10.22

Causes of death

All cause

   

No. of deaths

46,067

11,700

9,652

8,664

8,133

7,918

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.80 (0.78–0.83)

0.70 (0.68–0.72)

0.64 (0.62–0.66)

0.59 (0.58–0.61)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.89 (0.87–0.92)

0.83 (0.81–0.85)

0.78 (0.76–0.81)

0.76 (0.73–0.78)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.93 (0.90–0.95)

0.87 (0.85–0.90)

0.84 (0.81–0.86)

0.81 (0.79–0.84)

<0.0001

Cardiovascular disease

11,283

  

No. of deaths

 

2,901

2,368

2,094

1,986

1,934

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.80 (0.76–0.85)

0.69 (0.65–0.73)

0.63 (0.59–0.66)

0.57 (0.54–0.61)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.88 (0.83–0.93)

0.80 (0.76–0.85)

0.76 (0.71–0.80)

0.72 (0.68–0.76)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.93 (0.87–0.98)

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

0.83 (0.78–0.88)

0.80 (0.75–0.85)

<0.0001

Cancer

       

No. of deaths

19,043

4,772

3,974

3,616

3,391

3,290

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.81 (0.78–0.85)

0.72 (0.69–0.76)

0.66 (0.63–0.69)

0.61 (0.59–0.64)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.91 (0.87–0.95)

0.87 (0.83–0.91)

0.83 (0.79–0.86)

0.80 (0.77–0.84)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

0.90 (0.86–0.95)

0.87 (0.83–0.91)

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

<0.0001

Diabetes

   

No. of deaths

371

92

92

72

57

51

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.92 (0.69–1.22)

0.70 (0.52–0.95)

0.54 (0.39–0.74)

0.45 (0.32–0.64)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.97 (0.73–1.29)

0.77 (0.56–1.04)

0.60 (0.43–0.83)

0.52 (0.37–0.73)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

1.00 (0.74–1.35)

0.83 (0.60–1.15)

0.70 (0.50–0.99)

0.66 (0.46–0.94)

0.005

Respiratory disease

No. of deaths

3,796

1,082

866

652

649

547

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.75 (0.68–0.82)

0.54 (0.49–0.59)

0.52 (0.47–0.57)

0.42 (0.38–0.46)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.91(0.83–1.00)

0.76 (0.69–0.84)

0.80 (0.72–0.88)

0.70 (0.63–0.78)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.98 (0.89–1.08)

0.82 (0.74–0.91)

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

0.79 (0.71–0.88)

<0.0001

Infections

       

No. of deaths

922

230

210

165

157

160

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.87 (0.72–1.05)

0.66 (0.54–0.81)

0.61 (0.50–0.75)

0.60 (0.49–0.74)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.94 (0.78–1.13)

0.75 (0.61–0.91)

0.71 (0.58–0.87)

0.71 (0.58–0.88)

0.0002

Model 3

 

1.00

1.04 (0.85–1.27)

0.84 (0.68–1.05)

0.82 (0.66–1.02)

0.83 (0.67–1.03)

0.023

Other/unknown causes

No. of deaths

5,223

1,215

1,050

1,044

963

951

 

Model 1

 

1.00

0.84 (0.77–0.91)

0.81 (0.74–0.88)

0.72 (0.66–0.78)

0.67 (0.62–0.73)

<0.0001

Model 2

 

1.00

0.88 (0.81–0.96)

0.88 (0.81–0.95)

0.79 (0.73–0.87)

0.76 (0.70–0.83)

<0.0001

Model 3

 

1.00

0.90 (0.83–0.99)

0.91 (0.83–0.99)

0.83 (0.76–0.91)

0.79 (0.72–0.87)

<0.0001

  1. Data are hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The numbers of deaths are for participants who died during follow-up. The co-variables are baseline assessments.
  2. Model 1, Adjusted for age and gender; Model 2, Adjusted for age, gender, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and time of smoking cessation (<1 years, 1 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years, or ≥10 years before baseline); Model 3, Adjusted for age, gender, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, time of smoking cessation (<1 years, 1 to 5 years, 5 to 10 years, or ≥10 years before baseline), race or ethnicity group, alcohol intake, education level, marital status (yes, no), health status (poor, fair, good, very good), obesity (underweight, overweight, obesity), physical activity, consumption of red meat, total fruit and total vegetables, total energy intake, and hormone usage.