Ā | Ā | Ā | Baseline to 18Ā weeks (i.e., post intervention) | Baseline to 36Ā weeks | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ā | Ā | Baseline | Within-group difference | Between-group difference | Within-group difference | Between-group difference | ||||||
Ā | Ā | Mean (SD) | Mean | [95Ā % CI] | Mean | [95Ā % CI] | ES | Mean | [95Ā % CI] | Mean | [95Ā % CI] | ES |
Aerobic capacity | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā |
āPeak VO2 (L/min) | UC | 1.8 (0.3) | ā0.2 | [ā0.3 to ā0.1] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 0.0 | [0.0 to 0.1] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 1.7 (0.4) | ā0.2 | [ā0.2 to ā0.1] | 0.0 | [ā0.1 to 0.1] | 0.06 | 0.0 | [ā0.1 to 0.1] | ā0.1 | [ā0.2 to 0.0] | ā0.20 |
āPeak VO2/kg (mL/min/kg) | UC | 23.8 (5.2) | ā3.2 | [ā4.2 to ā2.2] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 0.3 | [ā0.6 to 1.3] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 23.9 (5.6) | ā2.8 | [ā3.7 to ā2.0] | 0.5 | [ā0.8 to 1.7] | 0.09 | ā0.7 | [ā1.6 to 0.2] | ā1.0 | [ā2.2 to 0.3] | ā0.18 |
āPeak power output (Watt) | UC | 156.7 (34.3) | ā19.5 | [ā24.4 to-14.6] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 2.0 | [ā2.8 to 6.8] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 152.3 (38.1) | ā13.4 | [ā17.8 to ā9.1] | 4.0 | [ā2.3 to 10.4] | 0.11 | 0.1 | [ā4.3 to 4.5] | ā3.7 | [ā10.1 to 2.7] | ā0.10 |
āPeak heart rate (beat/min) | UC | 169.9 (16.6) | ā4.9 | [ā7.6 to ā2.3] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā1.7 | [ā4.3 to 1.0] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 167.6 (16.7) | ā2.8 | [ā5.2 to ā0.5] | 0.9 | [ā2.7 to 4.5] | 0.06 | ā2.2 | [ā4.7 to 0.2] | ā1.6 | [ā5.3 to 2.0] | ā0.10 |
āVO2 at VT (L/min) | UC | 1.2 (0.3) | ā0.1 | [ā0.2 to 0.0] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 0.1 | [0.0 to 0.2] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 1.2 (0.3) | 0.0 | [ā0.1 to 0.0] | 0.1 | [0.0 to 0.2] | 0.31 | 0.2 | [0.1 to 0.2] | 0.0 | [ā0.1 to 0.1] | 0.12 |
āPower output at VT (Watt) | UC | 82.4 (33.8) | ā11.5 | [ā18.4 to ā4.6] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 15.7 | [8.7 to 22.7] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 80.7 (31.4) | ā2.7 | [ā8.9 to 3.6] | 9.4 | [0.5 to 18.3] | 0.29 | 13.7 | [7.4 to 20.1] | ā2.0 | [ā11.0 to 7.0] | ā0.06 |
Muscle strength | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā | Ā |
āRight knee extensor peak torque at 60Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 106.0 (27.3) | ā4.3 | [ā9.6 to 1.0] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā3.4 | [ā8.6 to 1.8] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 102.6 (32.0) | 4.4 | [ā0.5 to 9.2] | 7.5 | [0.9 to 14.2] | 0.25 | 0.2 | [ā4.7 to 5.0] | 2.7 | [ā3.8 to 9.3] | 0.09 | |
āRight knee flexor peak torque at 60Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 59.8 (22.7) | ā3.6 | [ā8.2 to 1.0] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 1.4 | [ā3.6 to 5.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 58.6 (20.5) | 7.8 | [3.6 to 12.0] | 9.1 | [3.6 to 14.6] | 0.42 | 8.5 | [4.2 to 12.8] | 5.8 | [0.3 to 11.2] | 0.27 | |
āLeft knee extensor peak torque at 60Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 97.7 (28.3) | ā4.2 | [ā10.6 to 2.2] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā4.2 | [ā10.4 to 1.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 96.4 (31.5) | 6.7 | [1.0 to 12.5] | 9.9 | [1.5 to 18.4] | 0.33 | 2.7 | [ā3.1 to 8.5] | 6.1 | [ā2.2 to 14.4] | 0.20 | |
āLeft knee flexor peak torque at 60Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 61.3 (25.3) | ā3.6 | [ā9.15 to 1.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā0.4 | [ā5.8 to 4.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 59.3 (19.7) | 8.3 | [3.3 to 13.3] | 10.1 | [3.2 to 16.9] | 0.45 | 4.6 | [ā0.5 to 9.6] | 2.9 | [ā3.8 to 9.6] | 0.13 | |
āRight knee extensor peak torque at 180Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 58.0 (23.0) | ā0.3 | [ā5.5 to 4.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 1.9 | [ā3.2 to 6.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 54.1 (22.4) | 7.4 | [2.7 to 12.1] | 3.6 | [ā2.9 to 10.2] | 0.16 | 7.4 | [2.7 to 12.2] | 1.5 | [ā4.9 to 8.0] | 0.07 | |
āRight knee flexor peak torque at 180Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 40.8 (20.6) | 2.0 | [ā3.0 to 7.0] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 3.7 | [ā1.1 to 8.6] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 41.6 (20.3) | 6.5 | [2.0 to 11.1] | 3.1 | [ā3.0 to 9.3] | 0.15 | 6.7 | [2.1 to 11.2] | 2.2 | [ā3.9 to 8.2] | 0.11 | |
āLeft knee extensor peak torque at 180Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 51.0 (21.9) | 0.0 | [ā5.4 to 5.5] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā0.9 | [ā6.2 to 4.4] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 49.1 (20.4) | 5.1 | [0.2 to 10.1] | 3.9 | [ā3.2 to 10.9] | 0.18 | 6.0 | [1.1 to 11.0] | 5.7 | [ā1.2 to 12.6] | 0.27 | |
āLeft knee flexor peak torque at 180Ā°/s (Nm) | UC | 39.1 (21.2) | 3.4 | [ā1.1 to 7.9] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 4.0 | [ā0.4 to 8.3] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 40.5 (19.1) | 5.4 | [1.4 to 9.5] | 1.2 | [ā4.4 to 6.8] | 0.06 | 6.6 | [2.5 to 10.6] | 2.4 | [ā3.1 to 7.8] | 0.12 | |
āHandgrip right (kgF) | UC | 31.8 (5.7) | ā0.9 | [ā1.9 to 0.1] | Ā | Reference | Ā | ā0.7 | [ā1.7 to 0.4] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 30.4 (5.8) | ā0.2 | [ā1.1 to 0.7] | 0.1 | [ā1.2 to 1.5] | 0.02 | 0.1 | [ā0.8 to 1.0] | 0.3 | [ā1.1 to 1.6] | 0.05 | |
āHandgrip left (kgF) | UC | 29.2 (6.0) | ā0.8 | [ā2.0 to 0.3] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 0.1 | [ā1.1 to 1.2] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
I | 27.8 (5.7) | 0.2 | [ā0.8 to 1.2] | 0.8 | [ā0.8 to 2.3] | 0.13 | 0.6 | [ā0.4 to 1.6] | 0.3 | [ā1.3 to 1.8] | 0.04 | |
Body weight (kg) | UC | 76.0 (15.4) | 1.5 | [0.8 to 2.3] | Ā | Reference | Ā | 1.6 | [0.8 to 2.4] | Ā | Reference | Ā |
Ā | I | 72.8 (13.2) | 1.9 | [1.2 to 2.6] | 0.1 | [ā0.9 to 1.2] | 0.01 | 1.6 | [0.9 to 2.3] | ā0.1 | [ā1.2 to 0.9] | ā0.01 |