Table 5 Association of in-facility delivery with maternal characteristics, household characteristics, intervention exposures, and barriers to care^a

Country

 GTM

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 HND

15.58 (11.37-21.37)

<0.001

15.13 (11.08-20.64)

<0.001

16.36 (11.83-22.61)

<0.001

 MEX

3.17 (2.40-4.18)

<0.001

3.17 (2.40-4.18)

<0.001

2.17 (1.58-2.98)

<0.001

 NIC

28.53 (20.00-40.69)

<0.001

27.42 (19.20-39.17)

<0.001

28.09 (19.59-40.29)

<0.001

 PAN

16.59 (10.12-27.20)

<0.001

19.27 (11.34-32.73)

<0.001

20.07 (11.73-34.35)

<0.001

 SLV

19.53 (14.58-26.17)

<0.001

17.64 (12.76-24.38)

<0.001

20.42 (14.75-28.28)

<0.001

Household expenditure

 Quintile 1

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Quintile 2

1.30 (1.07-1.58)

0.009

1.31 (1.07-1.60)

0.010

1.31 (1.07-1.61)

0.010

 Quintile 3

1.59 (1.28-1.97)

<0.001

1.59 (1.28-1.99)

<0.001

1.53 (1.22-1.91)

<0.001

 Quintile 4

2.39 (1.92-2.99)

<0.001

2.38 (1.90-2.99)

<0.001

2.24 (1.78-2.83)

<0.001

 Quintile 5

3.06 (2.43-3.85)

<0.001

2.98 (2.37-3.77)

<0.001

2.82 (2.23-3.56)

<0.001

Asset score

3.74 (1.91-7.33)

<0.001

3.81 (1.88-7.72)

<0.001

2.41 (1.18-4.92)

0.016

Attained education level

 No schooling

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Primary school or literacy course

1.61 (1.35-1.92)

<0.001

1.58 (1.34-1.88)

<0.001

1.46 (1.22-1.75)

<0.001

 Secondary school or higher

3.20 (2.56-3.99)

<0.001

2.98 (2.39-3.72)

<0.001

2.64 (2.11-3.31)

<0.001

Age (years)

 15-19

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 20-24

1.18 (0.97-1.43)

0.097

1.11 (0.91-1.37)

0.294

1.10 (0.89-1.35)

0.392

 25-29

1.49 (1.22-1.82)

<0.001

1.33 (1.08-1.64)

0.007

1.28 (1.03-1.58)

0.025

 30-34

2.38 (1.84-3.07)

<0.001

2.08 (1.61-2.70)

<0.001

1.99 (1.53-2.59)

<0.001

 35-39

3.76 (2.78-5.09)

<0.001

3.18 (2.36-4.29)

<0.001

3.05 (2.23-4.17)

<0.001

 40-44

3.41 (2.35-4.96)

<0.001

2.83 (1.94-4.13)

<0.001

2.62 (1.78-3.84)

<0.001

 45-49

4.81 (2.62-8.83)

<0.001

3.79 (2.05-7.02)

<0.001

3.46 (1.85-6.50)

<0.001

Parity

0.72 (0.69-0.76)

<0.001

0.75 (0.71-0.78)

<0.001

0.75 (0.72-0.79)

<0.001

Household size

0.96 (0.92-1.00)

0.043

0.96 (0.92-1.00)

0.069

Head of household is female

1.29 (1.01-1.64)

0.038

1.24 (0.96-1.60)

0.093

Occupation

 Employed and working for money

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Homemaker

0.71 (0.53-0.95)

0.023

0.73 (0.54-0.98)

0.037

 Other^b

1.18 (0.75-1.88)

0.472

1.25 (0.79-2.00)

0.341

Marital status

 Single

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Married

1.25 (0.94-1.65)

0.127

1.23 (0.91-1.64)

0.173

 Union

0.97 (0.75-1.24)

0.780

0.95 (0.73-1.23)

0.674

 Divorced, separated, widowed, other

0.93 (0.68-1.26)

0.625

0.97 (0.71-1.32)

0.839

Insured

1.77 (1.40-2.24)

<0.001

Travel time to usual health facility^c

1.00 (1.00-1.00)

0.869

Received counseling from a community health worker in the past month

0.72 (0.59-0.89)

0.002

Exposure to any media in the past week (newspaper, radio, television)

1.31 (1.11-1.54)

0.001

Barriers to seeking medical care

 Mother had no recent illness

1.15 (0.86-1.53)

0.348

 Care sought for mother’s recent illness

1.27 (0.90-1.79)

0.180

Among mothers who were recently ill and did not seek care

 Care is too expensive

1.42 (0.77-2.60)

0.258

 Health center is too far away

1.10 (0.53-2.28)

0.788

 Could not get transportation

0.69 (0.38-1.24)

0.210

 Facility infrastructure is poor

2.72 (1.01-7.30)

0.048

 Facility has insufficient drugs

1.09 (0.72-1.65)

0.676

 Health center is not well equipped

0.59 (0.30-1.19)

0.139

 Staff are difficult to deal with

1.67 (0.84-3.34)

0.146

 Staff is not knowledgeable

2.38 (0.59-9.58)

0.224

 No trust in staff

0.71 (0.32-1.61)

0.417

 Could not get permission to go to the doctor

0.59 (0.03-10.85)

0.720

 Did not want to go alone

0.76 (0.28-2.12)

0.606

 Too busy with work or children

0.69 (0.42-1.16)

0.164