Table 1 Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of the study population (n = 9,513)

Age (years)

 <45

2,780

29

 45–54

2,801

30

 55–64

2,463

26

 ≥65

1,467

15

 Missing

2

<1

Sex

 Male

3,470

37

 Female

6,043

63

Marital status

 Married

7,352

77

 Not married

2,154

23

 Missing

7

<1

Level of education

 0–6 years (primary)

3,693

39

 7–12 years (secondary)

3,817

40

 >12 years (tertiary)

1,992

21

 Missing

11

<1

Country of residence

 Cambodia

206

2

 Indonesia

2,335

25

 Laos

101

1

 Malaysia

1,662

18

 Myanmar

1,178

12

 Philippines

909

10

 Thailand

1,206

13

 Vietnam

1,916

20

Household size

 1–2

1,337

14

 3–5

5,555

58

 >5

2,570

27

 Missing

9

<1

Household income (of mean national income)

 0–25 %

1,103

12

 25–50 %

1,185

13

 50–75 %

1,031

11

 75–100 %

1,020

11

 100–125 %

767

8

 125–150 %

381

4

 150–175 %

427

5

 175–200 %

417

4

 >200 %

1,819

19

 Not known

1,336

14

 Missing

27

<1

Main source of household income

 Crops and agricultural sidelines

1,965

21

 Family business

1,287

14

 Wages

4,568

48

 Remittances and gifts

455

5

 Other income

1,213

13

 Missing

25

<1

Health insurance status

 Government-provided insurance

3,061

32

 Employment-based insurance

568

6

 Private insurance

857

9

 Other community insurance

65

<1

 None

5,237

55

 Missing

11

<1

Type of hospital

 Public

8,760

92

 Private

610

6

 Other (for example, military)

143

2

Experienced economic hardship in the year before diagnosis

 Yes

5,146

54

 No

4,352

46

 Missing

15

<1

Paid work (patient level) before diagnosis (self-employed or for a wage)

 Yes

4,512

47

 No

4,992

53

 Missing

9

<1

Cancer site

 Mouth and pharynx

1,063

11

 Oesophagus

160

2

 Stomach

305

3

 Colon and rectum

910

10

 Liver

83

1

 Pancreas

53

<1

 Trachea, bronchus, and lung

623

7

 Melanoma

40

<1

 Female breast

2,445

26

 Cervix

1,005

11

 Uterus

177

2

 Ovary

242

3

 Prostate

47

<1

 Bladder

60

<1

 Lymphomas and multiple myeloma

454

5

 Leukaemia

371

4

 Other malignant neoplasms

1,295

14

 Missing

179

2

Cancer stage

 Stage I

590

6

 Stage II

1,613

17

 Stage III

1,696

18

 Stage IV

1,260

13

 None (haematological cancers)

825

9

 Missing

3,529

37