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Table 2 Effects of pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) and time-updated characteristics on the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) after ART initiation

From: Tuberculosis incidence is high in HIV-infected African children but is reduced by co-trimoxazole and time on antiretroviral therapy

 

HR (unadjusted)

95 % CI

P

aHR (adjusted)

95 % CI

P

Age (at ART initiation)

  < 3 years

1.0

 

1.0

 

  ≥ 3 years

0.63 (0.40–1.02)

0.06

0.54 (0.31–0.96)

0.04

Sex

 Male

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Female

1.51 (0.94–2.45)

0.09

1.88 (1.15–3.06)

0.01

Height-for-age Z score

 (time-updated)

0.65 (0.55–0.78)

<0.001

0.93 (0.73–1.20)

0.61

Weight-for-age Z score

 (time-updated)

0.62 (0.54–0.71)

<0.001

0.70 (0.56–0.86)

0.001

WHO stage (pre-ART)

 1 or 2

1.0

 

1.0

 

 3 or 4

1.82 (1.05–3.16)

0.03

1.32 (0.72–2.40)

0.37

CD4 %

 (time-updated)

0.94 (0.92–0.97)

<0.001

0.94 (0.91–0.97)

<0.001

Initial ART

 Included NVP

1.0

 

1.0

 

 Did not include NVP

0.51 (0.29–0.92)

0.02

0.95 (0.47–1.90)

0.87

Randomization

 A (3TC/ABC/NNRTI throughout)

1.0

 

1.0

 

 B (3TC/ABC/NNRTI throughout, ZDV until week 36)

0.75 (0.44–1.29)

0.31

0.83 (0.48–1.43)

0.50

 C (3TC/ABC/ZDV throughout, NNRTI until week 36)

0.48 (0.26–0.89)

0.02

0.43 (0.22–0.81)

0.01

  1. Note: final model includes all factors with P <0.1 in univariable analyses (Table 1)
  2. 3TC Lamivudine, ABC Abacavir, aHR Adjusted hazard ratio, HR Hazard ratio, NNRTI Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NVP Nevirapine, ZDV Zidovudine