Table 2 Outcomes from key clinical trials of combination immunotherapies (adapted from [97])

Ipilimumab and nivolumab

Advanced-stage untreated melanoma

Nivolumab or ipilimumab alone versus nivolumab plus ipilimumab

945

-44 % nivolumab

-19 % ipilimumab

-58 % ipilimumab plus nivolumab

Median PFS:

-2.9 months for ipilimumab*

-6.9 months for nivolumab^†

-11.5 months for nivolumab plus ipilimumab*^,†

[98]

Ipilimumab and nivolumab

Advanced-stage melanoma

Concurrent or sequential combination with dose escalation

53

42 %

(concurrent combination)

OS rate:

-85 % 1-year

-79 % 2-year

[146]

Ipilimumab and nivolumab

Advanced-stage untreated melanoma

Ipilimumab alone versus Ipilimumab plus nivolumab

142

-11 % ipilimumab*

-61 % ipilimumab plus nivolumab*

Median PFS:

-4.4 months for ipilimumab

-Not reached for ipilimumab plus nivolumab

[147]

Ipilimumab and GP100 vaccine

Previously treated advanced-stage melanoma

Ipilimumab or vaccine alone versus ipilimumab plus vaccine

676

-10.9 % ipilimumab alone*

-1.5 % vaccine alone^†

-5.7 % ipilimumab with vaccine*^,†

Median OS:

-10.1 months for ipilimumab alone

-6.4 months for vaccine alone*

-10.0 months for ipilimumab plus vaccine*

[13]

Ipilimumab and dacarbazine

Advanced-stage

untreated

melanoma

Dacarbazine alone versus Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine

502

-10.3 % dacarbazine alone

-15.2 % ipilimumab with dacarbazine

Median OS:

-9.1 months for dacarbazine alone*

-11.2 months for ipilimumab plus dacarbazine*

[79]

Ipilimumab and radiotherapy

Post-docetaxel CRPC

Radiotherapy followed by placebo versus

radiotherapy followed by ipilimumab

799

NA

Median OS:

-10.0 months for radiotherapy followed by placebo

-11.2 months for radiotherapy followed by ipilimumab

[149]

Carboplatin plus paclitaxel with placebo or ipilimumab

NSCLC

Placebo control versus phased or concurrent schedule

204

-18 % chemotherapy control

-32 % irBORR ipilimumab

Median irPFS:

-4.6 months chemotherapy control*

-5.7 months for phased ipilimumab*

[150]

Carboplatin plus paclitaxel with placebo or ipilimumab

ED-SCLC

Placebo control versus phased or concurrent schedule

130

-53 % chemotherapy control

-71 % irBORR ipilimumab

Median irPFS:

-5.3 months chemotherapy control*

-6.4 months for phased ipilimumab*

[151]