Table 3 Immunotherapy biomarkers

Mutational load

In general, the higher the number of mutations the better the response to immunotherapy; not the case for all tumors

[154–159]

Lymphocyte infiltrates

The presence of lymphocyte infiltrates is related to improved survival

[2, 97]

PD-L1 expression

PD-L1 expression on tumor cells may potentially serve as a useful predictive biomarker for response to anti-PD1/PDL1 therapy; not the case for many tumors

[86, 99, 160]

Genetic profiling

Patients with higher baseline expression of immune-related genes generally respond better to ipilimumab

[97]