Authors [ref] Publication year | Study design/Study context Study period | Ethnicity Age range | Population size Number (%) of CKD cases | Type of models Time horizon | Handling of missing values Method of internal validation | Definition of CKD | Predictors in model |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bang et al. [54] 2007 | Cross-sectional population-based survey/Screening programme 1999-2002 | US, mixed 20–85 years | 8530 601 (7.5 %) | Logistic 2 years | Excluded Random split-sample | At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, proteinuriaa, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, history of heart failure, peripheral vascular disease |
Chien et al. [51] 2010 | Prospective cohort study/ Secondary care 2003 | Taiwan, Chinese 51.2 years (mean) | 5168 190 (3.7) | Cox 4 years | NR NR | At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, history of stroke |
Hippisley-Cox and Coupland (QKidney®) [36] 2010 | Prospective cohort population based/Primary care 2002-2008 | UK, mixed 35–74 years | 1,591,884 23,786 (1.5 %) | Cox 5 years | Multiple imputation Random split-sample | At least one eGFR measurement < 45a, kidney transplant; dialysis; nephropathy diagnosis; proteinuria | Age, ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, treated hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, NSAID use, and family history of kidney disease |
Kshirsagar et al. [53] 2008 | Prospective cohort study/ Community-based 1987-1989 | US, white and black 45–64 years | 9470 1605 (16.9 %) | Logistic 9 years | NR Random split sample | At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, history of heart failure, peripheral vascular disease |
Kwon et al. [55] 2012 | Cross-sectional survey/ Population-based 2007-2009 | Korean, Asian ≥19 years | 6565 100 (1.5 %) | Logistic 1 year | Excluded Split sample | At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, proteinuriaa, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease |
O’Seaghdha et al. [52] 2011 | Prospective cohort study/ Population-based 1995-2008 | US white 45–64 years | 2490 229 (9.2 %) | Logistic 10 years | Excluded Bootstrap | At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus |
Thakkinstian et al. [56] 2011 | Cross-sectional survey/ Community-based NR | Thailand-Asian ≥ 18 years | 3459 606 (17.5 %) | Logistic 1 year | NR Bootstrap | At least one eGFR measurement < 90a | Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney stones |