Outcomea | Exposure | Cases or deaths | Participants | High vs. low analysis | Dose–response analysisb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P heterogeneity | N | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P heterogeneity | ||||
Coronary heart disease | Total nuts | 12,331 | 315,397 | 11 | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) | 47.5 | 0.04 | 11 | 0.71 (0.63–0.80) | 47.4 | 0.04 |
Tree nuts | 6394 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) | 28.0 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.73 (0.63–0.85) | 0 | 0.44 | |
Peanuts | 7025 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.76 (0.69–0.82) | 0 | 0.65 | 5 | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | 45.1 | 0.12 | |
Stroke | Total nuts | 9272 | 396,768 | 10 | 0.89 (0.82–0.97) | 0 | 0.90 | 11 | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 13.7 | 0.31 |
Tree nuts | 2130 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 0 | 0.44 | 3 | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) | 0 | 0.58 | |
Peanuts | 3315 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 45.9 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.63 (0.41–0.95) | 77.6 | 0.001 | |
Cardiovascular disease | Total nuts | 18,655 | 376,228 | 11 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 52.3 | 0.02 | 12 | 0.79 (0.70–0.88) | 59.6 | 0.004 |
Tree nuts | 9456 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.81 (0.74–0.89) | 0 | 0.62 | 3 | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) | 0 | 0.84 | |
Peanuts | 12,043 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 15.0 | 0.32 | 5 | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) | 77.0 | 0.001 | |
Total cancer | Total nuts | 17,603 | 254,240 | 8 | 0.82 (0.74–0.89) | 27.5 | 0.21 | 8 | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 41.8 | 0.10 |
Tree nuts | 14,210 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.82 (0.76–0.90) | 0 | 0.98 | 3 | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | 0 | 0.99 | |
Peanuts | 17,742 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 19 | 0.30 | 5 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 30.0 | 0.22 | |
All-cause mortality | Total nuts | 85,870 | 819,448 | 15 | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | 41.0 | 0.05 | 16 | 0.78 (0.72–0.84) | 66.0 | <,0.0001 |
Tree nuts | 42,508 | 202,751 | 4 | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 58.0 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | 70.0 | 0.02 | |
Peanuts | 44,396 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.85 (0.82–0.89) | 18.0 | 0.30 | 5 | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 64.0 | 0.03 | |
Peanut butter | 15,079 | 83,789 | 2 | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 31.0 | 0.23 | 2 | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 0 | 0.76 | |
Respiratory disease mortality | Total nuts | 2551 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.76 (0.61–0.94) | 53.9 | 0.09 | 3 | 0.48 (0.26–0.89) | 60.8 | 0.08 |
Tree nuts | 2551 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0 | 0.78 | 3 | 0.79 (0.62–1.01) | 0 | 0.43 | |
Peanuts | 2551 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.77 (0.63–0.93) | 39.2 | 0.19 | 3 | 0.69 (0.53–0.91) | 49.8 | 0.14 | |
Diabetes mortality | Total nuts | 800 | 202,751 | 4 | 0.68 (0.52–0.90) | 0 | 0.59 | 4 | 0.61 (0.43–0.88) | 0 | 0.76 |
Tree nuts | 462 | 130,987 | 3 | 1.19 (0.74–1.89) | 0 | 0.43 | 3 | 1.23 (0.68–2.25) | 0 | 0.62 | |
Peanuts | 901 | 265,252 | 5 | 0.84 (0.60–1.19) | 42.6 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 15.4 | 0.32 | |
Neurodegenerative disease mortality | Total nuts | 2056 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.93 (0.72–1.21) | 6 | 0.30 | 3 | 0.65 (0.40–1.08) | 5.9 | 0.35 |
Tree nuts | 2056 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) | 13.8 | 0.31 | 3 | 0.81 (0.58–1.12) | 25.6 | 0.26 | |
Peanuts | 2056 | 130,987 | 3 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 45.9 | 0.16 | 3 | 0.92 (0.65–1.31) | 48.6 | 0.14 | |
Infectious disease mortality | Total nuts | 397 | 118,962 | 2 | 0.79 (0.56–1.11) | 0 | 0.49 | 2 | 0.25 (0.07–0.85) | 0 | 0.74 |
Tree nuts | 397 | 118,962 | 2 | 0.73 (0.47–1.13) | 0 | 0.79 | 2 | 0.64 (0.36–1.13) | 0 | 0.40 | |
Peanuts | 397 | 118,962 | 2 | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) | 12.5 | 0.29 | 2 | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 2.6 | 0.31 | |
Kidney disease mortality | Total nuts | 367 | 118,962 | 2 | 0.69 (0.38–1.25) | 69.0 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.27 (0.04–1.91) | 61.0 | 0.11 |
Tree nuts | 367 | 118,962 | 2 | 0.65 (0.40–1.03) | 0 | 0.48 | 2 | 0.66 (0.36–1.22) | 0 | 0.68 | |
Peanuts | 367 | 118,962 | 2 | 0.52 (0.27–0.97) | 52.1 | 0.15 | 2 | 0.42 (0.24–0.73) | 0 | 0.35 |