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Table 1 Nut consumption and coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease, total cancer, mortality, and other causes of mortality

From: Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

Outcomea

Exposure

Cases or deaths

Participants

High vs. low analysis

Dose–response analysisb

N

RR (95% CI)

I2 (%)

P heterogeneity

N

RR (95% CI)

I2 (%)

P heterogeneity

Coronary heart disease

Total nuts

12,331

315,397

11

0.76 (0.69–0.84)

47.5

0.04

11

0.71 (0.63–0.80)

47.4

0.04

Tree nuts

6394

130,987

3

0.79 (0.68–0.92)

28.0

0.25

3

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

0

0.44

Peanuts

7025

265,252

5

0.76 (0.69–0.82)

0

0.65

5

0.69 (0.57–0.84)

45.1

0.12

Stroke

Total nuts

9272

396,768

10

0.89 (0.82–0.97)

0

0.90

11

0.93 (0.83–1.05)

13.7

0.31

Tree nuts

2130

130,987

3

0.93 (0.77–1.13)

0

0.44

3

0.89 (0.69–1.14)

0

0.58

Peanuts

3315

265,252

5

0.83 (0.69–1.00)

45.9

0.12

5

0.63 (0.41–0.95)

77.6

0.001

Cardiovascular disease

Total nuts

18,655

376,228

11

0.81 (0.74–0.89)

52.3

0.02

12

0.79 (0.70–0.88)

59.6

0.004

Tree nuts

9456

130,987

3

0.81 (0.74–0.89)

0

0.62

3

0.75 (0.67–0.84)

0

0.84

Peanuts

12,043

265,252

5

0.81 (0.75–0.87)

15.0

0.32

5

0.64 (0.50–0.81)

77.0

0.001

Total cancer

Total nuts

17,603

254,240

8

0.82 (0.74–0.89)

27.5

0.21

8

0.85 (0.76–0.94)

41.8

0.10

Tree nuts

14,210

130,987

3

0.82 (0.76–0.90)

0

0.98

3

0.80 (0.72–0.89)

0

0.99

Peanuts

17,742

265,252

5

0.93 (0.87–0.99)

19

0.30

5

0.92 (0.82–1.03)

30.0

0.22

All-cause mortality

Total nuts

85,870

819,448

15

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

41.0

0.05

16

0.78 (0.72–0.84)

66.0

<,0.0001

Tree nuts

42,508

202,751

4

0.80 (0.74–0.86)

58.0

0.07

4

0.82 (0.75–0.90)

70.0

0.02

Peanuts

44,396

265,252

5

0.85 (0.82–0.89)

18.0

0.30

5

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

64.0

0.03

Peanut butter

15,079

83,789

2

0.89 (0.80–0.99)

31.0

0.23

2

0.94 (0.86–1.02)

0

0.76

Respiratory disease mortality

Total nuts

2551

130,987

3

0.76 (0.61–0.94)

53.9

0.09

3

0.48 (0.26–0.89)

60.8

0.08

Tree nuts

2551

130,987

3

0.89 (0.74–1.07)

0

0.78

3

0.79 (0.62–1.01)

0

0.43

Peanuts

2551

130,987

3

0.77 (0.63–0.93)

39.2

0.19

3

0.69 (0.53–0.91)

49.8

0.14

Diabetes mortality

Total nuts

800

202,751

4

0.68 (0.52–0.90)

0

0.59

4

0.61 (0.43–0.88)

0

0.76

Tree nuts

462

130,987

3

1.19 (0.74–1.89)

0

0.43

3

1.23 (0.68–2.25)

0

0.62

Peanuts

901

265,252

5

0.84 (0.60–1.19)

42.6

0.14

5

0.73 (0.45–1.20)

15.4

0.32

Neurodegenerative disease mortality

Total nuts

2056

130,987

3

0.93 (0.72–1.21)

6

0.30

3

0.65 (0.40–1.08)

5.9

0.35

Tree nuts

2056

130,987

3

0.94 (0.75–1.18)

13.8

0.31

3

0.81 (0.58–1.12)

25.6

0.26

Peanuts

2056

130,987

3

0.94 (0.72–1.23)

45.9

0.16

3

0.92 (0.65–1.31)

48.6

0.14

Infectious disease mortality

Total nuts

397

118,962

2

0.79 (0.56–1.11)

0

0.49

2

0.25 (0.07–0.85)

0

0.74

Tree nuts

397

118,962

2

0.73 (0.47–1.13)

0

0.79

2

0.64 (0.36–1.13)

0

0.40

Peanuts

397

118,962

2

1.01 (0.83–1.23)

12.5

0.29

2

1.03 (0.81–1.31)

2.6

0.31

Kidney disease mortality

Total nuts

367

118,962

2

0.69 (0.38–1.25)

69.0

0.07

2

0.27 (0.04–1.91)

61.0

0.11

Tree nuts

367

118,962

2

0.65 (0.40–1.03)

0

0.48

2

0.66 (0.36–1.22)

0

0.68

Peanuts

367

118,962

2

0.52 (0.27–0.97)

52.1

0.15

2

0.42 (0.24–0.73)

0

0.35

  1. aAssociations which were statistically significant are shown with bold font
  2. bThe increment for the dose-response analysis is 28 g/d for total nuts and 10 g/d for tree nuts and peanuts