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Table 4 Association between psychosis and multimorbidity (outcome) estimated by multivariable logistic regression analysis

From: Physical multimorbidity and psychosis: comprehensive cross sectional analysis including 242,952 people across 48 low- and middle-income countries

 

Total

Low-income countries

Middle-income countries

Age 18–44 years

Age 45–64 years

Age ≥ 65 years

Characteristic

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Psychosis category

 Control

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Subclinical psychosisa

2.20***

(2.02–2.39)

2.03***

(1.80–2.28)

2.43***

(2.16–2.74)

2.71***

(2.40–3.05)

1.93***

(1.68–2.20)

1.69***

(1.40–2.04)

 Psychosis diagnosisb

4.05***

(3.25–5.04)

3.99***

(3.00–5.31)

4.07***

(2.93–5.65)

4.68***

(3.46–6.32)

3.78***

(2.77–5.16)

2.22**

(1.34–3.68)

Sex

 Male

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Female

1.66***

(1.56–1.77)

1.59***

(1.45–1.74)

1.74***

(1.59–1.89)

1.70***

(1.55–1.88)

1.77***

(1.60–1.96)

1.39***

(1.21–1.59)

Age, years

1.07***

(1.06–1.07)

1.06***

(1.06–1.06)

1.07***

(1.07–1.08)

1.07***

(1.06–1.07)

1.07***

(1.06–1.08)

1.06***

(1.05–1.07)

Education

 No formal

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Primary

0.97

(0.88–1.07)

0.99

(0.88–1.12)

0.85*

(0.74–0.99)

0.98

(0.85–1.13)

0.95

(0.82–1.11)

0.81*

(0.67–0.99)

 Secondary completed

0.72***

(0.64–0.82)

0.71***

(0.60–0.85)

0.68***

(0.57–0.82)

0.74***

(0.62–0.88)

0.64***

(0.52–0.79)

0.76*

(0.58–0.99)

 Tertiary completed

0.61***

(0.51–0.74)

0.54**

(0.35–0.83)

0.61***

(0.50–0.74)

0.62*

(0.43–0.90)

0.59***

(0.46–0.75)

0.66*

(0.48–0.91)

Wealth (quintiles)

 Poorest

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Poorer

0.92

(0.83–1.01)

0.94

(0.81–1.07)

0.90

(0.80–1.02)

0.91

(0.79–1.05)

0.97

(0.84–1.12)

0.82*

(0.68–1.00)

 Middle

0.83***

(0.76–0.92)

0.82**

(0.71–0.93)

0.87*

(0.76–0.99)

0.79**

(0.69–0.91)

0.86*

(0.73–1.00)

0.92

(0.75–1.13)

 Richer

0.84***

(0.76–0.92)

0.85*

(0.74–0.98)

0.84**

(0.74–0.96)

0.80**

(0.69–0.92)

0.90

(0.78–1.05)

0.89

(0.72–1.09)

 Richest

0.85**

(0.76–0.96)

0.90

(0.77–1.05)

0.83*

(0.70–0.98)

0.79*

(0.67–0.95)

0.97

(0.81–1.15)

0.88

(0.69–1.12)

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. Models are adjusted for all covariates in the respective columns and country
  3. aSubclinical psychosis refers to having at least one of delusional mood, delusions of reference and persecution, delusions of control, and hallucinations in the past 12 months but without a psychosis diagnosis
  4. bPsychosis diagnosis refers to self-reported lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia/psychosis
  5. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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