Health-related quality of life and psychological distress among cancer survivors in Southeast Asia: results from a longitudinal study in eight low- and middle-income countries

Table 1 Demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of the study population (n = 5249)

Characteristic	All
	N	%
Age, years
< 45	1569	30
45–54	1577	30
55–64	1369	26
≥ 65	732	14
Missing	2	<1
Sex
Male	1618	31
Female	3631	69
Marital status
Married	4047	77
Unmarried	1202	23
Level of education
0–6 years (primary)	1932	37
7–12 years (secondary)	2169	41
> 12 years (tertiary)	1148	22
Country of residence
Cambodia	131	3
Indonesia	673	13
Laos	56	1
Malaysia	1361	26
Myanmar	554	11
Philippines	458	9
Thailand	838	16
Vietnam	1178	22
Household income (of mean national income)
Low	1643	31
Med	1048	20
High	1815	35
Do not know/missing	743	14
Health insurance status
Yes	2249	43
None	2999	57
Missing	1	< 1
Experienced economic hardship in the year before diagnosis
Yes	2643	50
No	2605	50
Missing	1	< 1
Paid work (patient level) before diagnosis (self-employed or for a wage)
Yes	2481	47
No	2768	53
Cancer site
Mouth and pharynx	571	11
Esophagus	49	< 1
Stomach	143	3
Colon and rectum	552	11
Liver	26	< 1
Pancreas	26	< 1
Trachea, bronchus and lung	226	4
Melanoma	18	< 1
Breast	1654	32
Cervix	598	11
Uterus	127	2
Ovary	123	2
Prostate	27	< 1
Bladder	20	< 1
Lymphomas and multiple myeloma	241	5
Leukemia	195	4
Other malignant neoplasms	617	12
Missing	36	< 1
Cancer (TNM) stage at diagnosis
Stage I	437	8
Stage II	1190	23
Stage III	984	19
Stage IV	561	11
None (hematological cancers)	436	8
Missing	1641	31
Treatment^a
Surgery	2931	56
Radiotherapy	2438	46
Chemotherapy	3550	68
Hormonal therapy	496	9
Pre-existing chronic conditions (as reported in medical files)
0	4032	77
1	839	16
≥ 2	352	7
Missing	26	< 1

^aCategories are not mutually exclusive since most patients received a combination of treatments

ISSN: 1741-7015