| Patient | (First-contact) providera | Specialized providerb | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanism | Perceived usefulness | Perceived ease of use | Perceived usefulness | Perceived ease of use | Perceived usefulness | Perceived ease of use |
Context | Â | |||||
Predisposing characteristics | • Cultural and social acceptance (familiarity/usage of mobile technologies) [38, 40, 41, 46, 53, 55] • Positive attitude (motivated, self-empowered, activeness) [38, 55] • Age group (middle/older) [51] • Language of communication (language of locality) [46, 54, 55] | Suitability and simplicity for: • (Older) age group [55] • (Low) literacy, educational levels [50, 55] • (Poor) socio-economic backgrounds [50] • Not physically active [50] | • Positive attitude (enthusiastic, motivated, empathetic, interest, dedication, volunteer) [38, 40, 52] • Prerequisite knowledge (to provide adequate information) [47] | • Simple, relevant, combination of local content and language (interface) [42] | • Positive attitude (positive perception and trust of new technology) [52] • Basic knowledge (about the technology) [52] | • Accessible location of technical support (in-country or local software developers) [52] • Understandable language of communication (among users and software developers) [52] |
Need | • Disease severity and comorbidities [20, 51, 55] • Barriers to accessing care or information (not affordable, easily, promptly, quality and/or appropriate, limited, long-distance travel, travel cost, waiting time, delaying, presenting late) [20, 42, 45, 46, 48–50, 52, 53, 55] | - | • Lack of capacity to provide needed care (limited training/education, decision-making power/support, point-of-care clinical information, specialized care, specialty referral systems) [36, 38–40, 47, 52] • Barriers to reporting and accessing supervision [37, 40–42, 47, 51] | - | • Lack of human resources (limited specialists, trained or skilled personnel, unequal distributions of professionals, over-burdened workload) [20, 36, 38–41, 43, 45, 47] • Lack of necessary systems and infrastructure (health facility, referral system, transport) [38] • Lack of accurate information [46, 47] • Task shifting to achieve early intervention and low costs of care [42, 43, 49, 54] | • Characteristics of disease conditions (extent, severity) [36, 43] • Characteristics of diagnostic and treatment tasks (feasibly assess/examine, freely question patient, probe for additional information, conduct special tests) [43, 47, 49] |
Enabling resources | • Access to mobile phone [37, 45, 46, 50, 53–55] • Access to mobile technology infrastructure [45, 48, 52, 55] • Affordability of services [50, 54, 55] • Convenience, privacy, autonomy, reduced time and travel cost [20, 43] • Service/program awareness [38, 40] • Assistance/support (spouse, partner, friend, family member) [51] | • Familiar and easy-to-use mobile technology (SMS, icons) [53, 55] • Maintenance (phone recharge, repair, durability, portability) [37, 55] | • Telecommunication networks (functioning, stable, accessible, available, low-cost) [36, 39, 42, 47] • Basic infrastructural resources (information, good roads, ambulance services) [41, 47, 52] • Operating funds and logistics (availability) [38, 40, 52] • Policy and sustainability (to avoid strike actions, staff turnover rate) [40, 52] • Continuous training (workshops) and sensitization [47, 52] • Tolerable burden of workload [40] | • Easy portability and operability (direct, instant, immediate) [36, 39] • Phone features (quality camera, smartphones) [36, 41] • Maintenance support (equipment/SIM card/mobile device failure, sporadic power outages, battery power problem, software bugs, theft, medical technology) [45, 52] | • Access to phone networks (in underserved communities) [20] • Tolerable burden of workload [46, 47] • Incentives (payment) [47, 55] • Policy (network or data protection, liability, consent, confidentiality, phone usage, staff job descriptions) [43, 45, 51, 52] | • Phone features (photograph, picture quality, video functionality, interface, text messaging, appropriate screen, zoom, long-lasting battery) [36, 41, 43, 45, 47, 51] • Suitability and equivalence to existing care processes (face-to-face care, assess nonverbal behaviors) [41, 49, 51, 54] |