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Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for prostate cancer in relation to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference at recruitment in men from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study

From: Tall height and obesity are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer: results from the EPIC cohort study

 

No. of cases

Fifths

P for trend1

P for het.2

 

1

2

3

4

5

HR

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

BMI, kg/m2

        

Continuous per 5 kg/m2

Median (range)

 

22.2 (12.7–23.5)

24.5 (23.5–25.3)

26.1 (25.3–27.0)

28.0 (27.0–29.2)

31.1 (29.2–68.4)

   

Total prostate cancer

6991

1.00 ref

0.99 (0.92–1.07)

1.04 (0.96–1.12)

0.94 (0.87–1.01)

0.90 (0.83–0.97)

<0.001

 

0.94 (0.90–0.98)

Grade

 Low-intermediate

3727

1.00 ref

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

1.08 (0.97–1.20)

0.90 (0.80–1.00)

0.89 (0.79–0.99)

0.001

 

0.92 (0.87–0.98)

 High

720

1.00 ref

1.38 (1.07–1.77)

1.30 (1.01–1.68)

1.32 (1.02–1.71)

1.32 (1.01–1.72)

0.07

0.01

1.10 (0.97–1.25)

Stage

 Localised

2622

1.00 ref

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

1.00 (0.88–1.14)

0.91 (0.80–1.03)

0.86 (0.75–0.99)

0.001

 

0.90 (0.84–0.97)

 Advanced

1384

1.00 ref

1.04 (0.87–1.24)

1.24 (1.05–1.48)

1.08 (0.90–1.29)

1.11 (0.92–1.33)

0.3

0.01

1.05 (0.96–1.15)

Prostate cancer deaths

931

1.00 ref

1.15 (0.93–1.42)

1.20 (0.97–1.48)

1.05 (0.84–1.31)

1.35 (1.09–1.68)

0.01

 

1.14 (1.02–1.27)

Waist, cm

        

Continuous per 10 cm

Median (range)

 

82.5 (51.0–86.0)

89.0 (86.0–91.9)

94.0 (91.9–96.5)

99.5 (96.5–103.0)

108.0 (103.0–180.0)

   

Total prostate cancer

6352

1.00 ref

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

1.00 (0.93–1.09)

0.99 (0.91–1.07)

0.92 (0.84–1.00)

0.01

 

0.97 (0.94–1.00)

Grade

 Low-intermediate

3251

1.00 ref

0.97 (0.87–1.09)

0.97 (0.86–1.09)

0.95 (0.85–1.06)

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

0.003

 

0.95 (0.91–0.99)

 High

641

1.00 ref

1.36 (1.02–1.81)

1.26 (0.94–1.67)

1.58 (1.20–2.08)

1.43 (1.07–1.92)

0.001

0.002

1.13 (1.03–1.25)

Stage

 Localised

2075

1.00 ref

0.96 (0.82–1.11)

0.96 (0.83–1.11)

0.93 (0.80–1.08)

0.89 (0.76–1.03)

0.03

 

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

 Advanced

1291

1.00 ref

1.20 (1.00–1.46)

1.17 (0.97–1.41)

1.30 (1.08–1.56)

1.08 (0.89–1.32)

0.2

0.1

1.03 (0.96–1.10)

Prostate cancer deaths

877

1.00 ref

1.21 (0.96–1.53)

1.03 (0.81–1.31)

1.28 (1.02–1.61)

1.55 (1.23–1.96)

<0.001

 

1.18 (1.08–1.28)

  1. Cox regression analysis. All models are stratified by centre and age at recruitment and adjusted for education level (less than university, university graduate, missing), smoking status (never, former, current, missing), marital status (married, not married, missing), diabetes (yes, no, missing), and physical activity (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active, missing)
  2. 1 P values for trend are obtained by entering the continuous anthropometric variable in the model
  3. 2 P value from test for heterogeneity for the associations of the anthropometric variable with risk of prostate cancer categorised according to prostate tumour grade (low-intermediate or high) and stage (localised or advanced)
  4. Low-intermediate grade (Gleason score of < 8, or grade coded as well, moderately, or poorly differentiated). High grade (Gleason score of ≥ 8, or grade coded as undifferentiated). Localised stage (TNM staging score of ≤ T2 and N0/Nx and M0, or stage coded in the recruitment centre as localised). Advanced stage (T3–T4 and/or N1–N3 and/or M1, and/or stage coded in the recruitment centre as metastatic)