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Table 11 Bivariate associations between socio-demographics correlates and DSM-IV SAD (high income countries)

From: The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative

Correlates

30-day SADa

Lifetime SADb

12-month SAD among lifetime casesc

30-day SAD among 12-month casesc

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

Age-cohort

 18–29

3.3*

(2.7–4.2)

3.3*

(3.0–3.8)

    

 30–44

2.8*

(2.3–3.5)

2.8*

(2.5–3.2)

    

 45–59

2.5*

(2.0–3.2)

2.3*

(2.1–2.7)

    

 60+

1.0

 

1.0

     

Age-cohort differenced

χ2 3 = 119.5*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 414.6*, P < 0.001

  

Age of onset

 Early

    

1.5*

(1.1–1.9)

1.0

(0.8–1.4)

 Early-average

    

1.5*

(1.2–1.9)

0.9

(0.7–1.3)

 Late-average

    

1.2

(0.9–1.4)

0.9

(0.7–1.1)

 Late

    

1.0

 

1.0

 

Age of onset differenced

    

χ2 3 = 13.4*, P = 0.004

χ2 3 = 1.8, P = 0.615

Time since onset (Continuous)

    

0.98*

(0.97–0.98)

1.01

(1.00–1.01)

     

χ2 1 = 57.0*, P < 0.001

χ2 1 = 2.9, P = 0.087

Gender

 Female

1.6*

(1.4–1.8)

1.3*

(1.2–1.4)

1.3*

(1.1–1.5)

1.2

(1.0–1.4)

 Male

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Gender differenced

χ2 1 = 38.8*, P < 0.001

χ2 1 = 44.7*, P < 0.001

χ2 1 = 8.5*, P = 0.004

χ2 1 = 2.8, P = 0.097

Employment status

 Student

1.3

(1.0–1.8)

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

1.2

(0.8–1.8)

1.5

(1.0–2.3)

 Homemaker

1.4*

(1.2–1.8)

1.2*

(1.1–1.4)

1.3*

(1.0–1.7)

1.3

(0.9–1.8)

 Retired

0.7*

(0.5–1.0)

0.8*

(0.7–1.0)

1.1

(0.8–1.5)

1.1

(0.7–1.6)

 Other

2.2*

(1.8–2.7)

1.6*

(1.5–1.9)

2.3*

(1.7–3.1)

1.0

(0.7–1.4)

 Employed

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Employment status differenced

χ2 4 = 81.7*, P < 0.001

χ2 4 = 84.1*, P < 0.001

χ2 4 = 34.4*, P < 0.001

χ2 4 = 5.3, P = 0.258

Marital status

 Never married

1.3*

(1.1–1.6)

1.4*

(1.3–1.6)

1.5*

(1.2–1.8)

1.0

(0.8–1.3)

 Divorced/separated/widowed

1.6*

(1.3–2.0)

1.3*

(1.2–1.5)

1.5*

(1.2–1.8)

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

 Currently married

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Marital status differenced

χ2 2 = 30.0*, P < 0.001

χ2 2 = 63.3*, P < 0.001

χ2 2 = 26.0*, P < 0.001

χ2 2 = 0.7, P = 0.709

Education level

 No education

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Some primary

1.9*

(1.1–3.1)

1.2

(1.0–1.6)

2.9*

(1.7–5.0)

1.5

(0.7–3.1)

 Primary finished

1.3

(0.8–1.9)

1.2

(1.0–1.5)

1.7*

(1.0–2.9)

0.9

(0.5–1.5)

 Some secondary

1.4*

(1.1–1.8)

1.2*

(1.1–1.4)

1.7*

(1.3–2.1)

1.0

(0.7–1.4)

 Secondary finished

1.0

(0.8–1.2)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

1.3*

(1.1–1.6)

0.8

(0.6–1.0)

 Some college

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

1.2*

(1.0–1.3)

1.3*

(1.0–1.7)

0.8

(0.6–1.1)

 College finished

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Education level differenced

χ2 3 = 17.2*, P = 0.009

χ2 3 = 15.6*, P = 0.016

χ2 3 = 29.4*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 7.6, P = 0.268

Household income

 Low

1.6*

(1.3–2.0)

1.2*

(1.1–1.4)

1.8*

(1.4–2.2)

1.3

(1.0–1.8)

 Low-average

1.3*

(1.0–1.6)

1.0

(0.9–1.2)

1.4*

(1.1–1.7)

1.3

(1.0–1.8)

 High-average

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

1.1

(1.0–1.2)

1.1

(0.9–1.4)

1.0

(0.8–1.4)

 High

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

1.0

 

Household income differenced

χ2 3 = 25.1*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 15.9*, P = 0.001

χ2 3 = 32.7*, P < 0.001

χ2 3 = 5.7, P = 0.126

N e

76,980

3,448,640

4360

2510

  1. *Significant at the 0.05 level, two-sided test
  2. aThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, and high income countries
  3. bThese estimates are based on survival models adjusted for age-cohorts, gender, person-years, and high income countries
  4. cThese estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for time since SAD onset, age of SAD onset, gender, and high income countries
  5. dChi-square test exploring significant differences between blocks of socio-demographic variables
  6. eDenominator N: 76,980 = total sample; 3,448,640 = number of person-years in the survival model; 4360 = number of lifetime cases of SAD; 2510 = number of 12-month cases of SAD
  7. A dash was inserted for low cell counts (<5 cases)
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BMC Medicine

ISSN: 1741-7015

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