Fig. 4

Relationship of qPCR-detected parasite densities in peripheral blood with pregnancy outcomes. The dot and T bar represent the effect and 95% confidence interval on haemoglobin levels at delivery (a, b), the difference of haemoglobin levels from recruitment to delivery (c, d), or birth weight (e, f) due to a two-fold increase in the parasitemia levels in its natural scale. Modification of the associations by study area (B Benin, G Gabon, K Kenya, M Mozambique) was determined through the inclusion of an interaction term in the regression models, and combination of the coefficients plus the interaction and the standard error was estimated by the delta method. Analyses were adjusted for type of IPTp drug, season, age, gravidity, gestational age, anaemia, literacy, RPR result and MUAC at recruitment, as well as CD4 + T cell count in the case of HIV-infected women (b, d, f)