Table 2 Quality assessment according to the QUADAS-2 tool: potential bias and applicability concerns of included studies (without referral studies)
| Â | Risk of bias | Applicability concerns | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient selection | Clinical predictors of mortality | Laboratory predictors of mortality | Reference standard | Flow and timing | Patient selection | Clinical predictors of mortality | Laboratory predictor of mortality | Reference standard | |
Krishna et al. (1994) [23] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
English et al. (1996) [16] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
English et al. (1997) [17] | High | Low | NA | Low | Low | Unclear | High | NA | Low |
Assimadi et al. (1998) [24] | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low |
Modiano et al. (1998) [25] | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
Varandas et al. (2000) [26] | High | Low | NA | Low | Low | Low | Low | NA | Low |
Gérardin et al. (2002) [27] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Imbert et al. (2003) [28] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Maitland et al. (2003) [29] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
Mockenhaupt et al. (2004) [30] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Dzeing-Ella et al. (2005) [31] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Gay-Andrieu et al. (2005) [32] | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low |
Maitland et al. (2005) [33] | High | NA | Low | Low | Low | High | NA | Low | Low |
Zeidan et al. (2005) [34] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Bronzan et al. (2007) [35] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Issifou et al. (2007) [36] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
Oduro et al. (2007) [37] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low |
Orimadegun et al. (2007) [38] | High | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Bassat et al. (2008) [39] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Ranque et al. (2008) [40] | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low |
Ogetii et al. (2010) [41] | Low | NA | Low | Low | Low | Low | NA | Low | Low |
Camara et al. (2011) [42] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low |
Hendriksen et al. (2012) [15] | Low | NA | Low | Low | Low | Low | NA | Low | Low |
Hendriksen et al. (2012) [14] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Jallow et al. (2012) [18] | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | Low | Low | Low |
von Seidlein et al. (2012) [13] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Kendjo et al. (2012) [19] | Low | Low | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Low |
Orimadegun et al. (2014) [43] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |