Table 1 Public Health impact of vaccines related to health outcomes
From: The public health value of vaccines beyond efficacy: methods, measures and outcomes
Health-related evaluations of impact of vaccines | Conventional evaluations | Additional ‘broader’ evaluations |
|---|---|---|
Methods | Pre-licensure Individually randomised controlled Phase III trials Post-licensure Total and indirect effectiveness studies Static modelling (assuming constant force of infection) | Pre-licensure Cluster randomised controlled trials Dynamic models Post-licensure Cluster randomised trials Probe studies Pre/post evaluations Observational controlled studies |
Measures | Efficacy and effectiveness | Vaccine preventable disease incidence Number needed to vaccinate |
Outcomes | Morbidity and mortality at individual level | All-cause mortality Under 5 mortality Non-etiologically confirmed clinical syndromes |