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Table 5 Average costs per capita in 2014 and 95% CI associated with the 10 selected chronic diseases according to type of comorbidity – two-stage model estimates (n = 476,252)

From: The extra cost of comorbidity: multiple illnesses and the economic burden of non-communicable diseases

Cost associated with…

 

Comorbidity

No other comorbidity

Stroke

Heart disease

Cancers a

Diabetes

Chronic kidney disease

Stroke

3466; 2973–3959

 

4203; 3524–4882

2784; 1913–3656

5659; 4804–6513

7833; 6032–9635

Heart disease

1828; 1570–2087

2566; 2055–3077

 

2156; 1721–2591

2687; 2293–3081

5172; 4215–6130

Cancersa

5115; 4322–5909

4434; 3229–5639

5443; 3229–5639

 

6240; 5143–7336

14,042; 11,528–16,556

Diabetes

1776; 1510–2041

3969; 3326–4611

2634; 2218–3051

2900; 2378–3423

 

8349; 7036–9662

Chronic kidney disease

8323; 7090–9555

12,690; 10,557–14,823

11,666; 9826–13,507

17,249; 14,365–20,134

14,895; 12,638–17,153

 

Respiratory illnessb

1285; 1103–1466

1775; 1374–2175

2332; 1956–2709

3016; 2258–3774

1955; 1663–2246

4440; 3630–5249

Cirrhosis

4225; 3623–4827

13,625; 10,987–16,263

5808; 4845–6771

12,402; 10,044–14,759

5377; 4543–6211

15,256; 12,593–17,920

Major depression

1528; 1303–1754

2421; 1356–3486

1929; 1527–2331

2803; 2020–3587

1879; 1565–2194

2900; 1664–4135

Neurological disorders

2121; 1798–2445

1617; 839–2395

2404; 1809–3000

3648; 2754–4541

3847; 3045–4649

1142; 239–2523

Alcohol user disorders

2323; 1924–2722

4303; 2939–5667

3319; 2712–3927

5492; 3820–7163

4056; 3401–4711

9344; 7457–11,231

Cost associated with…

Comorbidity

 

Respiratory illness b

Cirrhosis

Major depression

Neurological disorders

Alcohol use disorders

 

Stroke

3955; 3327–4584

12,865; 10,309–15,422

4358; 3136–5580

2961; 2200–3722

5445; 4167–6724

 

Heart disease

2876; 2436–3316

3411; 2676–4146

2229; 1812–2645

2111; 1605–2618

2825; 2299–3350

 

Cancersa

6847; 5508–8185

13,292; 10,624–15,960

6390; 5184–7596

6642; 5368–7915

8284; 6319–10,249

 

Diabetes

2446; 2092–2800

2927; 2339–3516

2127; 1736–2517

3502; 2852–4151

3509; 2911–4107

 

Chronic kidney disease

11477; 9762–13,193

19,354; 16,269–22,439

9694; 7992–11,396

7343; 5447–9240

15,344; 12,813–17,874

 

Respiratory illnessb

 

2331; 1837–2825

1389; 1003–1774

2275; 1866–2683

2180; 1810–2550

 

Cirrhosis

1632; 1268–1997

 

5500; 4434–6565

6375; 5125–7626

4520; 3798–5242

 

Major depression

1632; 1267–1998

2803; 1902–3703

 

2322; 1080–3565

1871; 1391–2350

 

Neurological disorders

3111; 2587–3636

4271; 3254–5288

2915; 1607–4224

 

2393; 1877–2909

 

Alcohol user disorders

3219; 2666–3772

2618; 1964–3271

2665; 2012–3318

2594; 2059–3129

  
  1. aBreast/Lung/Colorectal/Stomach/Liver/Kidney/Pancreatic/Oesophageal
  2. bChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma
  3. Note: To account for the different sociodemographic structures (e.g. younger age profiles for people without comorbidity), the same set of weights is used to estimate the average cost of the disease for people with and without comorbidity