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Table 1 Morphological data for the mothers and fetuses involved in adrenal studies

From: The human fetal adrenal produces cortisol but no detectable aldosterone throughout the second trimester

Population

Characteristic

Female fetuses

Male fetuses

  

Control

Smoke-exposed

Control

Smoke-exposed

Total adrenal samples

N

29

19

31

30

 Maternal indices

Age (years)

25.5 ± 1.2

23 ± 1.2

23.8 ± 1.06

26.2 ± 1

Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2)

24.1 ± 0.8

26 ± 1.3

26 ± 0.95

25.8 ± 1.2

Cigarettes/day

0 ± 0

9.3 ± 0.7

0.2 ± 0.2

10.2 ± 1

 Fetal indices

Age (weeks)

14.6 ± 0.4

14.3 ± 0.8

14.6 ± 0.6

14.6 ± 0.5

Weight (g)

77 ± 13.3

75.4 ± 14.1

83.4 ± 12

91.8 ± 12.9

Crown-rump length (CRL, mm)

98.7 ± 5.2

95.1 ± 5

101.4 ± 4.3

105.5 ± 5.5

Ponderal index (weight, g/[CRL, cm3])

70.2 ± 6.7

72.8 ± 5.4

68.8 ± 3.3

63.2 ± 1.8

Plasma cotinine (ng/mL)

6.8 ± 3.3

30.2 ± 5.4

5.3 ± 1.2

41.6 ± 6.4

Sub-population: plasma steroidsa

N

14

16

13

17

 Maternal indices

Age (years)

24.3 ± 1.7

23.2 ± 1.3

24.5 ± 1.8

24.7 ± 1.2

BMI (kg/m2)

23.5 ± 1.2

23.8 ± 1.3

26.2 ± 1.4

25.3 ± 1.4

Cigarettes/day

0 ± 0

11 ± 1.3

0 ± 0

12.5 ± 1.1

 Fetal indices

Age (weeks)

15.6 ± 0.6

15.2 ± 0.6

15.2 ± 0.6

15.1 ± 0.6

Weight (g)

104.8 ± 19.9

93.6 ± 16.7

101.7 ± 22.5

97.1 ± 19.3

CRL (mm)

109.3 ± 7.7

106.9 ± 5.7

108 ± 7.4

107.2 ± 7.4

Ponderal index (weight, g/[CRL, cm3])

64.9 ± 2.6

64 ± 2.6

73.9 ± 4.7

65 ± 2

Plasma cotinine (ng/mL)

3.3 ± 1.2

41.6 ± 2.8

2.6 ± 0.9

48.6 ± 2.2

Sub-population: mRNA/protein/steroidsa

N

15

15

15

15

 Maternal indices

Age (years)

24.7 ± 1.6

23.2 ± 1.4

22.9 ± 1.3

26.6 ± 1.4

BMI (kg/m2)

24.2 ± 0.8

26.5 ± 1.4

26.23 ± 1.5

24.6 ± 1.6

Cigarettes/day

0 ± 0

8.8 ± 0.8

0 ± 0

12 ± 1.3

 Fetal indices

Age (weeks)

15.3 ± 0.6

15.1 ± 0.6

15.2 ± 1.2

15.2 ± 0.6

Weight (g)

97 ± 19.5

84.8 ± 17

94.9 ± 18.8

94.7 ± 19.9

CRL (mm)

106.4 ± 6.8

97.4 ± 6.1

104.3 ± 6.9

102.3 ± 8.7

Ponderal index (weight, g/[CRL, cm3])

66.5 ± 2.3

75.5 ± 6.7

72 ± 4.6

67 ± 3.1

Plasma cotinine (ng/mL)

7.6 ± 4.6

30.2 ± 5.4

4 ± 1.5

50.9 ± 5.7

  1. aAlthough there is some overlap between the two study sub-populations, not all plasma samples were from fetuses where the adrenal glands were collected. Therefore, the two populations were not analysed together