Covariate | Low/no chronic pain (a)N = 381 | Increasing chronic pain (b)N = 143 | Decreasing chronic pain (c)N = 147 | Severe regressing chronic pain (d)N = 218 | Corrected p (false discovery rate) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | 26.34 (7.55)d | 27.48 (7.64) | 26.31 (8.95)d | 29.01 (8.44)a, c | 0.029* |
Age | 64.98 (10.55) | 62.90 (9.68)c | 66.66 (10.31)bd | 63.80 (10.60)c | 0.028* |
GHQ-12 | 1.09 (2.22)d | 1.37 (2.34)d | 1.56 (2.90) | 2.29 (3.39)a, b | < 0.001*** |
Sex (F) | 238 (62.47%) | 77 (53.85%) | 92 (62.59%) | 144 (66.06%) | 0.19 |
Non-white ethnicity | 9 (2.38%) | 11 (7.69%) | 2 (1.36%) | 5 (2.30%) | 0.031* |
Alcohol: | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.095 |
 Non-drinker | 49 (12.86%) | 19 (13.29%) | 19 (12.93%) | 34 (15.60%) |  |
 Special occasions | 68 (17.85%) | 26 (18.18%) | 31 (21.09%) | 64 (29.36%) |  |
 Monthly | 27 (7.09%) | 15 (10.49%) | 15 (10.20%) | 22 (10.09%) |  |
 Weekly | 137 (35.96%) | 47 (32.87%) | 48 (32.65%) | 52 (23.85%) |  |
 Daily | 83 (21.78%) | 29 (20.28%) | 31 (21.09%) | 38 (17.43%) |  |
 > 2 daily | 17 (4.46%) | 5 (3.5%) | 3 (2.04%) | 4 (1.83%) |  |
Qualifications | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.023* |
 Higher education | 99 (25.98%)c, d | 34 (23.78%) | 20 (13.61%)a | 36 (16.51%)a |  |
 Secondary education | 100 (26.25%) | 41 (28.67%) | 37 (25.17%) | 47 (21.56%) |  |
 Other | 24 (6.3%) | 11 (7.69%) | 18 (12.24%) | 19 (8.72%) |  |
 None | 158 (41.47%) | 57 (39.86%) | 72 (48.98%) | 116 (53.21%) |  |
 Ever smoked | 229 (60.1%) | 86 (60.14%) | 96 (65.31%) | 145 (66.51%) | 0.39 |
 Smokes now | 48 (12.6%) | 24 (16.78%) | 27 (18.37%) | 51 (23.39%) | 0.027* |
 Osteoarthritis | 171 (44.88%) | 68 (47.55%) | 66 (44.9%) | 102 (46.79%) | 0.93 |
 Rheumatoid arthritis | 73 (19.16%) | 27 (18.88%) | 25 (17.01%) | 52 (23.85%) | 0.43 |
 Other arthritis | 49 (12.86%) | 22 (15.38%) | 17 (11.56%) | 21 (9.63%) | 0.43 |
 Holidays | 1.90 (1.01)c, d | 1.80 (0.99) | 1.55 (1.10)a | 1.51 (0.92)a | < 0.001*** |
 Civic engagement | 0.63 (0.81) | 0.65 (0.82) | 0.50 (0.80) | 0.46 (0.76) | 0.095 |
 Social engagement | 0.61 (0.72)c | 0.58 (0.80) | 0.39 (0.60)a | 0.51 (0.73) | 0.052 |
 Social activities | 2.07 (1.16)c, d | 1.89 (1.16) | 1.64 (1.15)a | 1.62 (1.21)a | 0.004** |
 Wishing to do more social activities | 1.31 (1.48) | 1.64 (1.51) | 1.38 (1.38) | 1.40 (1.49) | 0.43 |
 Voted, 2001 | 295 (83.33%)d | 116 (86.57%)d | 116 (85.93%)d | 144 (75.39%)a, b, c | 0.048* |
 Voted, 2005 | 196 (91.16%)c,d | 83 (87.37%) | 69 (82.14%)a | 91 (76.47%)a | 0.012* |
 Political membership | 53 (15.41%) | 27 (20.93%) | 20 (16.26%) | 25 (13.89%) | 0.43 |