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Table 4 Univariate baseline differences between classes, arthritis LCGA

From: General and disease-specific pain trajectories as predictors of social and political outcomes in arthritis and cancer

Covariate

Low/no chronic pain (a)N = 381

Increasing chronic pain (b)N = 143

Decreasing chronic pain (c)N = 147

Severe regressing chronic pain (d)N = 218

Corrected p (false discovery rate)

BMI

26.34 (7.55)d

27.48 (7.64)

26.31 (8.95)d

29.01 (8.44)a, c

0.029*

Age

64.98 (10.55)

62.90 (9.68)c

66.66 (10.31)bd

63.80 (10.60)c

0.028*

GHQ-12

1.09 (2.22)d

1.37 (2.34)d

1.56 (2.90)

2.29 (3.39)a, b

< 0.001***

Sex (F)

238 (62.47%)

77 (53.85%)

92 (62.59%)

144 (66.06%)

0.19

Non-white ethnicity

9 (2.38%)

11 (7.69%)

2 (1.36%)

5 (2.30%)

0.031*

Alcohol:

    

0.095

 Non-drinker

49 (12.86%)

19 (13.29%)

19 (12.93%)

34 (15.60%)

 

 Special occasions

68 (17.85%)

26 (18.18%)

31 (21.09%)

64 (29.36%)

 

 Monthly

27 (7.09%)

15 (10.49%)

15 (10.20%)

22 (10.09%)

 

 Weekly

137 (35.96%)

47 (32.87%)

48 (32.65%)

52 (23.85%)

 

 Daily

83 (21.78%)

29 (20.28%)

31 (21.09%)

38 (17.43%)

 

 > 2 daily

17 (4.46%)

5 (3.5%)

3 (2.04%)

4 (1.83%)

 

Qualifications

    

0.023*

 Higher education

99 (25.98%)c, d

34 (23.78%)

20 (13.61%)a

36 (16.51%)a

 

 Secondary education

100 (26.25%)

41 (28.67%)

37 (25.17%)

47 (21.56%)

 

 Other

24 (6.3%)

11 (7.69%)

18 (12.24%)

19 (8.72%)

 

 None

158 (41.47%)

57 (39.86%)

72 (48.98%)

116 (53.21%)

 

 Ever smoked

229 (60.1%)

86 (60.14%)

96 (65.31%)

145 (66.51%)

0.39

 Smokes now

48 (12.6%)

24 (16.78%)

27 (18.37%)

51 (23.39%)

0.027*

 Osteoarthritis

171 (44.88%)

68 (47.55%)

66 (44.9%)

102 (46.79%)

0.93

 Rheumatoid arthritis

73 (19.16%)

27 (18.88%)

25 (17.01%)

52 (23.85%)

0.43

 Other arthritis

49 (12.86%)

22 (15.38%)

17 (11.56%)

21 (9.63%)

0.43

 Holidays

1.90 (1.01)c, d

1.80 (0.99)

1.55 (1.10)a

1.51 (0.92)a

< 0.001***

 Civic engagement

0.63 (0.81)

0.65 (0.82)

0.50 (0.80)

0.46 (0.76)

0.095

 Social engagement

0.61 (0.72)c

0.58 (0.80)

0.39 (0.60)a

0.51 (0.73)

0.052

 Social activities

2.07 (1.16)c, d

1.89 (1.16)

1.64 (1.15)a

1.62 (1.21)a

0.004**

 Wishing to do more social activities

1.31 (1.48)

1.64 (1.51)

1.38 (1.38)

1.40 (1.49)

0.43

 Voted, 2001

295 (83.33%)d

116 (86.57%)d

116 (85.93%)d

144 (75.39%)a, b, c

0.048*

 Voted, 2005

196 (91.16%)c,d

83 (87.37%)

69 (82.14%)a

91 (76.47%)a

0.012*

 Political membership

53 (15.41%)

27 (20.93%)

20 (16.26%)

25 (13.89%)

0.43

  1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
  2. Standard deviations are reported in brackets for continuous variables (BMI, age, GHQ-12 and social engagement measures)
  3. Superscripted letters denote a significant post-hoc difference between columns