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Table 2 Results from univariable and two multivariable logistic regression models of factors associated with HIV infection in notified tuberculosis cases in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, for the periods 2000–2014 and 2010–2014

From: Trends in, and factors associated with, HIV infection amongst tuberculosis patients in the era of anti-retroviral therapy: a retrospective study in England, Wales and Northern Ireland

 

Univariable results (whole population)

Multivariable results (whole population)

Multivariable results (2010–2014)

 

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Year

 2000

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

 

 2001

1.25 (1.04–1.49)

1.22 (1.00–1.48)

 

 2002

1.85 (1.57–2.18)

1.45 (1.20–1.74)

 

 2003

2.17 (1.84–2.55)

1.51 (1.26–1.80)

 

 2004

2.22 (1.89–2.60)

1.56 (1.31–1.87)

 

 2005

2.04 (1.74-–2.39)

1.40 (1.17–1.67)

 

 2006

1.91 (1.63–2.24)

1.36 (1.14–1.62)

 

 2007

1.67 (1.42–1.97)

1.22 (1.01–1.46)

 

 2008

1.70 (1.44–1.99)

1.25 (1.04–1.50)

 

 2009

1.32 (1.12–1.56)

1.04 (0.86–1.25)

 

 2010

1.29 (1.09–1.53)

1.06 (0.87–1.28)

1.00

< 0.001

 2011

1.04 (0.87–1.23)

0.83 (0.68–1.01)

0.76 (0.61–0.93)

 2012

0.92 (0.77–1.11)

0.82 (0.67–1.00)

0.81 (0.65–0.99)

 2013

0.85 (0.70–1.02)

0.76 (0.62–0.94)

0.66 (0.53–0.83)

 2014

0.83 (0.69–1.01)

0.72 (0.58–0.89)

0.68 (0.54–0.85)

Sex

 Female

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

0.03

 Male

0.74 (0.70–0.78)

0.84 (0.79–0.90)

0.85 (0.74–0.98)

Age group (years)

 15–24

0.28 (0.25–0.32)

< 0.001

0.28 (0.24–0.32)

< 0.001

0.31 (0.22–0.44)

< 0.001

 25–34

1.00

1.00

1.00

 35–44

1.89 (1.78–2.02)

1.97 (1.83–2.13)

2.16 (1.79–2.59)

 45–54

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

1.33 (1.21–1.47)

1.97 (1.60–2.44)

 55–64

0.40 (0.35–0.46)

0.62 (0.54–0.72)

1.35 (1.02–1.78)

 65+

0.08 (0.07–0.10)

0.16 (0.13–0.19)

0.31 (0.20–0.49)

Ethnicity/country of birth

 White, low HIV prevalence

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

 Black African, low HIV prevalence

1.26 (1.08–1.47)

1.07 (0.91–1.26)

1.07 (0.74–1.55)

 Indian sub-continent, low HIV prevalence

0.18 (0.15–0.21)

0.16 (0.14–0.20)

0.20 (0.14–0.28)

 Other/unknown, low HIV prevalence

0.88 (0.74–1.04)

0.73 (0.62–0.87)

0.67 (0.46–0.96)

 White, high HIV prevalence

3.34 (2.10–5.32)

2.43 (1.51–3.91)

3.85 (1.45–10.23)

 Black African, high HIV prevalence

18.46 (16.71–20.39)

13.02 (11.69–14.50)

10.39 (8.13–13.29)

 Indian sub-continent, high HIV prevalence

0.85 (0.58–1.24)

0.69 (0.47–1.01)

0.51 (0.20–1.26)

 Other/unknown, high HIV prevalence

5.88 (5.01–6.90)

4.56 (3.85–5.39)

4.07 (2.79–5.94)

 Country of birth unknown

1.96 (1.75–2.19)

1.62 (1.44–1.82)

1.51 (1.14–2.00)

Site of TB disease

 Pulmonary, +/−extra-pulmonarya

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

1.00

< 0.001

 Miliary/meningeal TB

3.40 (3.13–3.71)

3.30 (2.96–3.68)

3.81 (3.02–4.80)

 Extra-pulmonary only

0.65 (0.61–0.69)

0.70 (0.65–0.75)

0.73 (0.63–0.86)

Homelessness

 No

1.00

< 0.001

 

1.00

0.26

 Yes

2.75 (2.20–3.43)

 

1.22 (0.87–1.72)

Imprisonment

 No

1.00

< 0.001

 

1.00

0.19

 Yes

1.80 (1.38–2.34)

 

0.77 (0.52–1.15)

Drug misuse

 No

1.00

< 0.001

 

1.00

< 0.001

 Yes

2.48 (1.98–3.12)

 

2.70 (1.90–3.84)

Alcohol misuse

 No

1.00

0.03

 

1.00

0.73

 Yes

1.38 (1.05–1.82)

 

0.93 (0.64–1.37)

IMD decile

 (for each unit increase)

0.95 (0.93–0.97)

< 0.001

 

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.47

  1. aExcluding miliary and meningeal TB. CI confidence interval, IMD index of multiple deprivation, OR odds ratio, TB tuberculosis
  2. The whole-population model excluded 226 (0.2%) TB cases missing data on sex (n = 202) and/or age (n = 25), and was adjusted for year of TB notification, age, sex and ethnicity and HIV prevalence in country of birth. The 2010–2014 model excluded 7098 (19%) TB cases missing data on sex (n = 60), homelessness (n = 2693), imprisonment (n = 3719), drug misuse (n = 2966), alcohol misuse (n = 3338) and/or IMD decile (n = 1035) and adjusted for all variables in the table