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Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

From: Resistance decay in individuals after antibiotic exposure in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis

 

Setting

Study designa

Participants

Total number of participantsb

Age range

Sample site

Method of measuring resistance

Guidelines used

Sampling time points

S

AS

RCT

COS - Nested in a RT

COS with a control group

COS

Adults

Children

Adults

Children

From

to

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal tract

Agar-dilution

Disk-diffusion

E Test

Paper disk testing

Broth-dilution method

ASS

NCCLS/CLSI

CASFM/EUCAST

German National S.

Not reported

Baseline

End of treatment

Days

Weeks

Months

Murray et al. [45] (Mexico 82)

?

 

✓

  

?

145

?

 

✓

✓

✓

       

✓

✓

 

14

  

Huovinen et al. [42] (Finland 85)

hCC

 

✓

  

✓

   

97

16 y

64 y

 

✓

✓

        

✓

✓

✓

  

1

Brook, I [30] (USA 88)

PED

  

✓

  

✓

  

54

?

✓

 

?

   

✓

✓

 

7 to 10

5 to 7

3

Eliasson et al. [38] (Sweden 90)

hCC

 

✓

   

✓

  

150

0 m

10 y

✓

    

✓

     

✓

✓

✓

 

4

 

Cohen et al. [32] (France 97)

PED

 

✓

   

✓

  

364

4 m

4.5 y

✓

 

✓

  

✓

  

✓

   

✓

 

2 to 6

  

Dagan et al. [37] (Israel 98)

ER

   

✓

 

✓

  

120

3 m

3 y

✓

  

✓

    

✓

   

✓

 

4 & 5

  

Dabernat et al. [36] (France 98)

PED & ENT

 

✓

   

✓

  

426

6 m

3 y

✓

  

✓

    

✓

✓

  

✓

✓

  

1

Cohen et al. [33] (France 99)

PED

 

✓

   

✓

  

513

4 m

2.5 y

✓

 

✓

  

✓

  

✓

   

✓

 

12 to 14

 

1

Chern et al. [26] (Nepal 99)

V

✓

    

✓

 

✓

122

1 y

10 y

✓

   

✓

      

✓

✓

 

14

  

Ghaffar et al. [40] (USA 99)

PED

 

✓

   

✓

 

✓

160

6 m

6 y

✓

   

✓

✓

  

✓

   

✓

  

2

2

Morita et al. [44] (USA 00)

S

   

✓

 

✓

 

✓

300

?

✓

   

✓

   

✓

   

✓

 

17, 32

  

Varon et al. [50] (France 00)

PED

   

✓

 

✓

  

705

3 m

3 y

✓

 

✓

        

✓

✓

✓

2 to 6

  

Schrag et al. [48] (Dominican R. 01)

hOC

 

✓

   

✓

  

795

6 m

5 y

✓

   

✓

   

✓

   

✓

 

5, 10, 28

  

Ghaffar et al. [41] (USA 02)

PED

  

✓

  

✓

 

✓

160

6 m

6 y

✓

   

✓

✓

  

✓

   

✓

  

2

2

Cremieux et al. [35] (France 03)

hCC

 

✓

    

✓

 

50

19 y

44 y

✓

  

✓

       

✓

✓

✓

14, 21,45

  

Berg et al. [25] (Netherlands 04)

hOC

✓

     

✓

 

296

54 y

73 y

✓

   

✓

   

✓

   

✓

✓

  

2

Toltzis et al. [49] (USA 05)

PED

 

✓

   

✓

  

1009

3 m

7 y

✓

   

✓

   

✓

   

✓

 

3 to 5, 10 to 12

 

1

Gaynor et al. [39] (Nepal 05)

V

 

✓

   

✓

 

✓

444

12 m

7 y

✓

     

✓

 

✓

       

6

Lofmark et al. [43] (Sweden 06)

Vol

  

✓

   

✓

 

8

31 y

58 y

 

✓

✓

    

✓

✓

   

✓

✓

 

3

3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24

Conradi et al. [34] (Spain 07)

hER

   

✓

 

✓

  

134

0 m

5 y

✓

 

✓

     

✓

   

✓

✓

  

1

Malhotra-Kumar et al. [27] (Belgium 07)

Vol

✓

     

✓

 

224

18 y

58 y

v

      

✓

✓

   

✓

 

8,28

  

Chung et al. [31] (UK 07)

GP

  

✓

  

✓

  

119

6 m

12 y

✓

   

✓

  

✓

✓

   

✓

  

2, 12

 

Raum et al. [47] (Germany 08)

GP

   

✓

✓

   

541

mean = 57.5

 

✓

     

✓

  

✓

 

✓

 

7,14

  

Nord et al. [46] (USA 09)

OC

 

✓

    

✓

 

143

18 y

45 y

✓

   

✓

   

✓

   

✓

✓

 

2, 4, 6

 

Skalet et al. [29] (Ethiopia 10)

V

✓

      

✓

10,778

12 m

10 y

✓

   

✓

      

✓

    

3

Malhotra-Kumar et al. [28] (Europe 16)

PC

✓

   

✓

   

102

20 y

81 y

✓

      

✓

✓

   

✓

✓

8, 14, 28, 42

 

6

  1. S symptomatic, AS asymptomatic, PED paediatric clinics, hOC hospital outpatient clinic, GP general practices, S school, OC outpatient clinic, hCC health care centre, hER hospital emergency department, V villages, Vol volunteers, PC Primary care, ASS automated antimicrobial susceptibility testing systems, RCT randomised-controlled trials, COS prospective cohort study design, RT randomised trial, NCCLS/CLSI The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CASFM/EUCAST French/European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
  2. aStudy design reported is based on the type of extracted data
  3. bNumbers might be different from those included in the analysis