Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study subjects

Age (years)

47.8

± 12.2

51.6

± 11.9

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.2

± 3.0

23.6

± 3.2

< 0.001

WC (cm)

84.0

± 7.6

77.4

± 8.6

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mm Hg)

125.2

± 14.4

121.3

± 15.9

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mm Hg)

78.4

± 9.8

75.1

± 10.2

< 0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

100.5

± 26.8

96.5

± 22.0

< 0.001

TC (mg/dL)

196.5

± 41.3

199.5

± 42.4

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

53.3

± 31.6

59.2

± 34.8

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

117.3

± 135.9

121.0

± 98.6

< 0.001

AST(IU)

28.0

± 27.6

23.7

± 22.2

< 0.001

ALT(IU)

30.3

± 31.4

21.0

± 23.1

< 0.001

 Never

30.0

95.4

< 0.001

 Past

26.9

1.6

< 0.001

 Current

43.1

3.0

< 0.001

 0 serving/week

32.9

78.4

< 0.001

 1–2 servings/week

44.6

18.2

< 0.001

 ≥ 3 servings/week

22.5

3.4

< 0.001

 0 session/week

51.3

63.2

< 0.001

 1–2 sessions/week

28.4

18.5

< 0.001

 ≥ 3 sessions/week

20.3

18.3

< 0.001

Charlson Comorbidity Index score: 0 (%)

22.9

13.0

< 0.001