Table 2 Overview and quality of included primary studies (used in meta-analyses)
Study | Ethnicity measure | Ethnicity categories (including n) | Relevant outcomes | Main findings (ethnic minority vs. White ref.) | Quality* (max = 11) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ajnakina et al. [57] | Census | WB (62), BA (63), BC (50) | CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police in BA and BC | 7 (moderate) |
Bebbington et al. [24] | N/A | W (190), BC (49) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC | 4 (moderate) |
Banerjee et al. [23] | N/A | WE (804), BC (375), O (50) | CA (forensic) | Higher CA in BC | 2 (low) |
Bhui et al. [25] | Place of birth, census | W (184), BA (16), BB(12), BC (26), A/0 (18) | CA (forensic) | Higher CA in BA and BB | 8 (high) |
Bhui et al. [58] | Self-report | W (177), B (160), SA (114), O (29) | GP, CJS, DUP | Higher CJS in BA and BC, non-significant GP and DUP (including SA) | 9 (high) |
Bhui et al. [59] | Census | WB (23), WO (14), BA (28), BC (31), BO (1), Bd (4), In (4), P (3), O (14) | CJS | Higher CJS in BA and BC | 9 (high) |
Birchwood et al. [26] | Third party | WB (74), BC (50), A (30), Ir (5), O (10) | CA (civil), police | Non-significant CA and police (BC and A) | 5 (moderate) |
Brunet [19] | Third party | W (16), B (36), A (28), O (8) | GP, CA (civil), DUP | Shorter DUP, non-significant GP and CA (B and A) | 2 (low) |
Burnett et al. [27] | Place of birth | W (38), BC (38), A (24) | GP, CA (mixed), police/CJS | Non-significant GP, CA and police/CJS (B and A) | 6 (moderate) |
Callan [28] | Place of birth | WB (169), BC (200) | GP, CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police in B, non-significant for GP | 7 (moderate) |
Cole et al. [29] | Self-report, census | W (39), B (38), A/O (16) | GP, CA (civil), police | Non-significant GP, CA and police (B and A/O) | 6 (moderate) |
Commander et al. 1999 [30] | Self-report, census | W (40), B (40), A (40) | GP, CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police (B and A), GP higher in A, non-significant for B | 4 (moderate) |
Crowley and Simmons [31] | Third party | W (75), BC (49), A (28) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC, non-significant for A | 3 (low) |
Davies et al. [32] | Place of birth, census | WB (207), WO (36), BA (27), BC (112), O (15) | CA (mixed) | Higher CA (BA and BC), non-significant in WO | 8 (high) |
Drake et al. [33] | Self-report | W (216), BC (19), O (13) | DUP | Non-significant DUP for BC | 6 (moderate) |
Gajwani et al. [60] | Self-report | W (437), BA (62), BC (120), Bd (16), In (47), P (125) | CA (mixed) | Non-significant CA in ethnic minority (including Black) groups | 9 (high) |
Ghali et al. [61] | Census | WB (183), WO (103), BA (136), BB (152), BC (27), SA (80) | GP, CJS, DUP | Higher CJS in BA only, shorter DUP for Black groups and SA, GP non-significant | 11 (high) |
Goater et al. [34] | Self-report, census | W (68), B (71), O (15) | CA (mixed) | Higher CA in B after 5Â years (non-significant after only 1Â year) | 6 (moderate) |
Harrison et al. [35] | N/A | Non-BC (89), BC (42) | GP, CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police in BC, GP non-significant | 4 (moderate) |
Ineichen et al. [36] | Third party | WB (193), WO (9), BC (43), O (19) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC, non-significant for WO | 4 (moderate) |
Johnson et al. [37] | N/A | W (173), BA (15), BC (70), O (14) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC, non-significant for BA | 5 (moderate) |
Koffman et al. [38] | Third party | W (2,978), B (631), A (160) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B and A | 5 (moderate) |
Lawlor et al. [62] | Census | WB (146), WO (45), BA (41), BC (26), BO (29) | GP, CA (civil), police/CJS | Higher CA and police/CJS (Black groups and WO), lower GP (Black groups) non-significant GP (WO) | 10 (high) |
Lloyd and Moodley [39] | Third party | W (101), B (37) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B | 5 (moderate) |
Mann et al. [63] | Self-report, census | WB (158), WO (93), BA (188), BB (55), BC (78), mixed B/W (36), SA (37), A (O)(29) | GP, CA (civil), CJS | Particularly high point estimate for CA in BA, less marked for other groups and outcomes, or non-significant | 9 (high) |
McKenzie et al. [40] | Place of birth | WB (58), BC (53) | CA (civil), CJS | Higher CA and CJS in BC | 8 (high) |
Moodley and Perkins [41] | N/A | W (25), BC (22) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC | 2 (low) |
Moodley and Thornicroft [42] | Third party | W (295), BC (47) | CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police in BC | 3 (low) |
Morgan et al. [43] | Self-report | WB (237), WO (33), BA (64), BC (128) | GP, CA (civil), CJS | Higher CA, CJS, lower GP (BA and BC), non-significant CA, CJS and GP (WO vs. WB) | 9 (high) |
Morgan et al. [44] | Self-report | WB (217), BC (129), BA (68) | DUP | Shorter (BA) and non-significant (BC) DUP | 8 (high) |
Morgan et al. 2017 [64] | Self-report, census | WB (159), BA (44), BC (107) | CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police (BA and BC) | 8 (high) |
Owens et al. [45] | Third party | Non-BC (155), BC (120) | CA (civil), police | Higher CA and police in BC | 4 (moderate) |
Parkman et al. [46] | Place of birth, census | WB (94), WO (17), BC (42) | CA (mixed) | Higher CA in BC, non-significant in WO vs. WB | 7 (moderate) |
Patrick et al. [47] | N/A | W (34), B (26) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B | 3 (low) |
Singh et al. [48] | Third party, census | W (352), BC (44) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in BC | 8 (high) |
Singh et al. [66] | Third party | W (2,587), B (811), A (430), O (359) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B, non-significant for A | 7 (moderate) |
Singh et al. [65] | Self-report, census | W (45), B (35), A (43) | CA (civil), CJS, GP, DUP | Higher CA and CJS (B), non-significant GP and DUP (B), non-significant CA, CJS, DUP (A) | 7 (moderate) |
Takei et al. [49] | N/A | W (49), BC (32) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B | 5 (moderate) |
Thomas et al. [50] | Third party | W (1,265), BC (193), A (76) | CA (civil), police | Higher CA (BC and A), higher police (BC), non-significant police (A) | 3 (low) |
Weich et al. [67] | N/A | W (997,169), B (39,249), A (46,544), mixed (13,781), O (22,053) | CA (civil) | Higher CA in B and A | 2 (low) |