From: A systematic review of multi-level stigma interventions: state of the science and future directions
Addressing research gaps | |
 Most multi-level stigma intervention research has focused on the individual/interpersonal level; thus, more research is needed to incorporate community-, organizational-, and structural-level influences into such interventions. | |
 Most multi-level stigma intervention research has utilized education-based strategies (either alone or in combination with other strategies, like contact) to reduce stigma. Thus, more research is needed across a wider range of stigma-reducing strategies. | |
 Only a handful of stigmatized groups have been the focus of multi-level stigma reduction interventions, with primary focus on HIV and mental health. Thus, more research is needed to expand the range of groups that are evaluated with these interventions. | |
Methods and measurement | |
 More methodologically rigorous methods are needed to test the efficacy of multi-level stigma interventions, including randomized controlled trials and quasi-experiments. | |
 New measurement approaches are needed to evaluate synergistic and reciprocal relations of stigma reduction interventions across levels of analysis. | |
 Multi-level stigma interventions need to more fully engage with several key areas in intervention science, such as implementation science. | |
Research questions | |
 How do changes at one level of stigma (e.g., intrapersonal) impact other levels of stigma (e.g., community)? | |
 How do multi-level stigma interventions compare to stigma interventions at a single level in terms of efficacy in reducing stigma and/or its negative consequences? | |
 What are the mechanisms of change? That is, when multi-level stigma interventions are effective, why are they effective? | |
 How are multi-level stigma interventions that are found effective translated or disseminated? What interpersonal-, community-, and structural-level factors promote or undermine their effective dissemination? |