Study (First author, year [ref.]) | Location | Sampling characteristics | Sample size | Study design | Type of stigma assessed | Description of stigma association (strength, significance) | Significant mediators/moderators |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alkhamees, 2013 [195] | Saudi Arabia | Not specified | 110 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Stigma associated with overall QoL | None |
Aydemir, 2011 [117] | Turkey | People with epilepsy for the past 4 years, compared to people with migraines and people with no symptoms (controls) | 172 | Case–control | Internalized | Stigma associated with decreased disclosure | None |
Bhalla, 2012 [196] | Cambodia | People with epilepsy with controls matched on age, sex, and village | 288 | Case–control | Internalized | Stigma associated with worse QoL, limitations in work due to epilepsy, and social limitations due to epilepsy | None |
Doganavsargil-Baysal, 2017 [112] | Turkey | Adults with epilepsy obtaining care at one outpatient clinic | 89 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigma associated with lower scores on HQoL and greater psychiatric symptomatology | None |
Elafros, 2013 [119] | Zambia | Caregivers of children aged < 8 years with epilepsy obtaining care at local clinics | 100 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Maternal stigma associated with psychiatric morbidity and need for psychiatric support; actively limiting child activities | None |
Espinola-Nadurielle, 2014 [114] | Mexico | Patients with epilepsy treated at one outpatient clinic and their caregivers | 10 | Qualitative | Not specified | Stigma associated with social withdrawal | None |
Fawale, 2014 [115] | Nigeria | Adult patients with epilepsy treated at an outpatient clinic with age- and sex-matched controls | 93 | Case–control | Internalized | Stigma associated with worse QoL and worse social function | None |
Getnet, 2016 [120] | Ethiopia | Adults with epilepsy on AEDs for at least 3 months obtaining care at outpatient clinics | 450 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Perceived stigma associated with worse AED adherence | None |
Hamid, 2013 [197] | Jordan | Adult patients with epilepsy obtaining care at an outpatient clinic | 45 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Severity of stigma associated with worse mental health QoL | None |
Hirfanoglu, 2009 [109] | Turkey | Children with epilepsy (aged 8–17 years) and their parents | 533 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Child stigmatization associated with greater negativity about epilepsy, greater perceived lack of support, low self-esteem | None |
Iqbal, 2013 [118] | Pakistan | Married women obtaining care at a tertiary center | 381 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Stigma associated with concealment of epilepsy from future husbands | None |
Komolafe, 2011 [198] | Nigeria | Women with epilepsy obtaining care from local clinics | 6 groups of 8–15 women with epilepsy | Qualitative | Not specified |  | None |
Kumari, 2009 [199] | India | People with epilepsy obtaining care at an outpatient clinic, selected randomly | 45 | Cross-sectional | Internalized, anticipated, enacted | Stigma associated with decreased HQoL | None |
Lopez, 2009 [200] | Mexico | Children aged 6–18 years with epilepsy | ~200 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Perceived stigma influences QoL | None |
Luna, 2017 [116] | Ecuador | Adults with epilepsy or parents of children (aged < 15 years) with epilepsy | 143 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigma associated with decreased disclosure of epilepsy | None |
Nagarathnam, 2017 [201] | India | Adults with epilepsy on an AED for a year | 170 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Stigma associated with worse QoL | None |
Nehra, 2014 [202] | India | Adults with active epilepsy obtaining care from a clinic | 208 | Cross-sectional | Experienced, anticipated, internalized | Stigma correlated with worse overall function | None |
Saadi, 2016 [203] | Bhutan | Patients with epilepsy obtaining care at a tertiary referral center | 172 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Increased stigma associated with lower QoL | None |
Tegegne, 2015 [204] | Ethiopia | Adults with epilepsy obtaining care from a hospital-based outpatient clinic | 415 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Perceived stigma is associated with increased depression | None |
Tsegabrhan, 2014 [205] | Ethiopia | Adults with epilepsy obtaining treatment from one hospital | 300 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigma associated with increased depression | None |
Turki, 2016 [110] | Tunisia | Patients with epilepsy followed by one clinic | 20 | Cross-sectional | Not specified | Absence of stigma associated with better self-esteem | None |
Viteva, 2012 [206] | Bulgaria | ‘Representative selection’ of patients with epilepsy at a neurology clinic | 164 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigmatization frequency and severity correlated with depression | None |
Viteva, 2013 [207] | Bulgaria | Consecutive patients with refractory and pharmaco-sensitive epilepsy | 246 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigma associated with all subscales of QoL except change in health and sexual relations | None |
Viteva, 2016 [121] | Bulgaria | Adults with epilepsy obtaining care from one hospital-based clinic | 153 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Greater stigma associated with increased reporting of medication side effects | None |
Yeni, 2016 [111] | Turkey | Outpatients with epilepsy obtaining care at one university | 70 | Cross-sectional | Internalized | Stigma associated with increased anxiety, depression, increased effects of disease on life, decreased role functioning, and worse disease-associated attitudes | None |