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Table 3 Associations (coefficient and standard error) of changes in school neighborhood food environments within 800-m straight-line buffer zones during 1998–2007 with child body mass index in 2007

From: Effects of school neighborhood food environments on childhood obesity at multiple scales: a longitudinal kindergarten cohort study in the USA

Food outlet type

All (n = 7530)

Boys (n = 3780)

Girls (n = 3750)

Urban (n = 5040)

Non-urban (n = 2490)

Supermarket

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.21

(0.19)

− 0.08

(0.22)

− 0.26

(0.27)

− 0.27

(0.23)

− 0.15

(0.38)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

− 0.08

(0.23)

− 0.12

(0.26)

− 0.07

(0.34)

0.02

(0.27)

− 0.07

(0.48)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.02

(0.18)

0.03

(0.21)

− 0.04

(0.25)

0.14

(0.20)

− 0.35

(0.39)

Convenience store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.05

(0.19)

− 0.08

(0.22)

− 0.07

(0.27)

− 0.19

(0.22)

0.18

(0.42)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.21

(0.25)

0.27

(0.28)

0.21

(0.36)

0.37

(0.30)

− 0.05

(0.47)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.39*

(0.17)

0.34

(0.20)

0.50*

(0.25)

0.41*

(0.21)

0.39

(0.36)

Full-service restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.06

(0.20)

− 0.07

(0.23)

− 0.10

(0.29)

0.09

(0.25)

− 0.30

(0.38)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.02

(0.24)

− 0.19

(0.28)

0.33

(0.35)

− 0.10

(0.30)

0.12

(0.45)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.06

(0.18)

− 0.39

(0.21)

0.36

(0.26)

− 0.13

(0.23)

− 0.03

(0.33)

Fast-food restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.07

(0.20)

0.05

(0.23)

− 0.26

(0.28)

− 0.09

(0.23)

− 0.11

(0.43)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.31

(0.27)

0.38

(0.31)

0.30

(0.39)

0.20

(0.30)

0.72

(0.67)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.28

(0.18)

0.10

(0.20)

0.44

(0.26)

0.33

(0.20)

0.34

(0.41)

Retail bakery

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.07

(0.22)

0.04

(0.26)

− 0.15

(0.32)

− 0.21

(0.25)

0.54

(0.63)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

− 0.43

(0.29)

− 0.43

(0.34)

− 0.48

(0.42)

− 0.32

(0.32)

− 0.58

(0.79)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.10

(0.20)

0.13

(0.24)

− 0.46

(0.29)

− 0.05

(0.22)

0.00

(0.60)

Dairy product store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.26

(0.29)

− 0.58

(0.33)

0.04

(0.41)

− 0.15

(0.31)

− 1.30

(0.89)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.86*

(0.39)

1.86***

(0.45)

− 0.24

(0.57)

0.92*

(0.42)

0.64

(1.40)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.11

(0.21)

0.27

(0.24)

− 0.56

(0.30)

− 0.07

(0.23)

− 0.37

(0.50)

Health food store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.10

(0.28)

− 0.18

(0.32)

− 0.00

(0.41)

− 0.14

(0.31)

0.34

(0.79)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.14

(0.36)

0.04

(0.42)

0.22

(0.52)

0.11

(0.39)

0.03

(1.17)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.06

(0.22)

− 0.16

(0.26)

0.09

(0.31)

− 0.07

(0.24)

0.00

(0.62)

Candy store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.01

(0.50)

0.02

(0.59)

0.06

(0.73)

− 0.04

(0.53)

− 1.89

(2.23)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

− 0.36

(0.59)

− 0.34

(0.70)

− 0.32

(0.85)

− 0.51

(0.62)

2.55

(2.39)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.11

(0.33)

− 0.10

(0.39)

0.33

(0.47)

0.01

(0.35)

0.61

(0.90)

Fruit and vegetable market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.30

(0.49)

0.14

(0.56)

0.52

(0.73)

0.46

(0.52)

0.55

(1.60)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.45

(0.61)

1.19

(0.74)

− 0.32

(0.89)

0.38

(0.64)

− 0.98

(2.20)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.09

(0.31)

− 0.02

(0.36)

− 0.32

(0.47)

0.00

(0.34)

− 0.92

(0.97)

Meat and fish market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.22

(0.32)

0.42

(0.37)

− 0.09

(0.47)

0.30

(0.36)

− 0.19

(0.81)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

− 0.28

(0.42)

− 0.60

(0.49)

0.16

(0.63)

− 0.27

(0.45)

− 1.23

(1.51)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.20

(0.25)

− 0.16

(0.29)

0.63

(0.37)

0.16

(0.27)

0.32

(0.80)

Beverage store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

− 0.50

(0.38)

− 0.49

(0.45)

− 0.36

(0.54)

− 0.55

(0.41)

− 0.18

(1.20)

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.31

(0.50)

0.14

(0.58)

0.47

(0.72)

0.35

(0.52)

− 2.15

(3.15)

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

− 0.21

(0.20)

− 0.15

(0.23)

− 0.32

(0.29)

− 0.25

(0.22)

− 0.38

(0.53)

  1. All models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental education, and urbanicity. Italicized numbers indicate statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)