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Table 4 Associations (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) of changes in school neighborhood food environments within 800-m straight-line buffer zones during 1998–2007 with child overweight and obesity in 2007

From: Effects of school neighborhood food environments on childhood obesity at multiple scales: a longitudinal kindergarten cohort study in the USA

Food outlet type

All (n = 7530)

Boys (n = 3780)

Girls (n = 3750)

Urban (n = 5040)

Non-urban (n = 2490)

Supermarket

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.13

[0.96, 1.34]

1.12

[0.88, 1.42]

1.18

[0.93, 1.50]

1.16

[0.94, 1.43]

1.16

[0.85, 1.58]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.91

[0.74, 1.12]

0.95

[0.73, 1.24]

0.84

[0.62, 1.14]

0.99

[0.76, 1.28]

0.76

[0.50, 1.16]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.10

[0.94, 1.29]

1.09

[0.88, 1.33]

1.11

[0.89, 1.40]

1.10

[0.92, 1.33]

1.02

[0.74, 1.42]

Convenience store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.96

[0.82, 1.12]

0.92

[0.74, 1.13]

1.02

[0.81, 1.27]

0.92

[0.77, 1.10]

1.14

[0.80, 1.62]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.13

[0.92, 1.39]

1.13

[0.86, 1.50]

1.14

[0.85, 1.52]

1.17

[0.90, 1.51]

1.00

[0.68, 1.48]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.05

[0.90, 1.22]

0.98

[0.80, 1.21]

1.15

[0.92, 1.43]

0.98

[0.81, 1.17]

1.46**

[1.10, 1.95]

Full-service restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.89

[0.74, 1.06]

0.80

[0.63, 1.01]

0.98

[0.76, 1.26]

0.97

[0.77, 1.22]

0.75

[0.56, 1.02]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.02

[0.83, 1.27]

1.08

[0.82, 1.43]

1.00

[0.74, 1.36]

0.99

[0.75, 1.31]

1.11

[0.80, 1.54]

  Constant (ref)

          

  Increased

0.86

[0.73, 1.01]

0.81

[0.65, 1.01]

0.92

[0.73, 1.16]

0.88

[0.72, 1.09]

0.76

[0.58, 1.01]

Fast-food restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.14

[0.97, 1.34]

1.20

[0.95, 1.51]

1.08

[0.85, 1.37]

1.15

[0.95, 1.38]

1.03

[0.73, 1.43]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.03

[0.82, 1.30]

1.27

[0.94, 1.73]

0.82

[0.58, 1.15]

0.97

[0.75, 1.25]

1.43

[0.78, 2.63]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.02

[0.87, 1.18]

1.09

[0.88, 1.36]

0.93

[0.75, 1.17]

1.11

[0.93, 1.33]

0.84

[0.63, 1.13]

Retail bakery

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.17

[0.96, 1.44]

1.23

[0.96, 1.59]

1.11

[0.83, 1.49]

1.16

[0.93, 1.45]

0.94

[0.53, 1.68]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.86

[0.67, 1.10]

0.95

[0.69, 1.31]

0.78

[0.53, 1.15]

0.84

[0.64, 1.11]

1.37

[0.71, 2.64]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.85

[0.72, 1.02]

0.89

[0.69, 1.14]

0.81

[0.64, 1.03]

0.83

[0.68, 1.01]

1.02

[0.68, 1.53]

Dairy product store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.78

[0.60, 1.01]

0.67*

[0.48, 0.94]

0.90

[0.62, 1.31]

0.79

[0.61, 1.01]

0.65

[0.18, 2.27]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.26

[0.87, 1.83]

1.50

[0.94, 2.39]

1.01

[0.58, 1.74]

1.27

[0.87, 1.86]

1.45

[0.32, 6.68]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.89

[0.74, 1.06]

1.08

[0.85, 1.38]

0.71**

[0.54, 0.92]

0.87

[0.71, 1.07]

0.90

[0.60, 1.35]

Health food store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.11

[0.89, 1.39]

1.10

[0.81, 1.51]

1.14

[0.81, 1.60]

1.05

[0.82, 1.36]

1.83**

[1.17, 2.86]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.00

[0.75, 1.33]

0.98

[0.65, 1.46]

0.99

[0.62, 1.58]

1.01

[0.73, 1.40]

0.74

[0.33, 1.68]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.06

[0.88, 1.28]

0.94

[0.73, 1.21]

1.21

[0.92, 1.58]

1.00

[0.81, 1.25]

1.47*

[1.00, 2.15]

Candy store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.29

[0.85, 1.95]

1.09

[0.64, 1.87]

1.55

[0.82, 2.91]

1.19

[0.76, 1.85]

1.35

[0.34, 5.42]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.87

[0.52, 1.45]

1.04

[0.54, 2.00]

0.73

[0.33, 1.61]

0.85

[0.48, 1.52]

1.25

[0.26, 5.95]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.18

[0.87, 1.61]

0.90

[0.59, 1.36]

1.50*

[1.03, 2.20]

1.10

[0.80, 1.52]

1.70

[0.82, 3.50]

Fruit and vegetable market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.34

[0.97, 1.85]

1.27

[0.81, 1.98]

1.52

[0.86, 2.68]

1.43*

[1.01, 2.03]

1.28

[0.55, 2.95]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.71

[0.44, 1.16]

1.21

[0.64, 2.28]

0.42*

[0.20, 0.90]

0.68

[0.40, 1.15]

0.79

[0.27, 2.32]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.89

[0.68, 1.17]

1.05

[0.74, 1.47]

0.73

[0.47, 1.14]

0.96

[0.73, 1.28]

0.67

[0.26, 1.74]

Meat and fish market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.87

[0.67, 1.12]

1.01

[0.72, 1.42]

0.74

[0.48, 1.14]

0.89

[0.65, 1.21]

0.67

[0.39, 1.14]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.96

[0.66, 1.39]

0.79

[0.50, 1.26]

1.14

[0.62, 2.08]

0.93

[0.62, 1.41]

1.15

[0.60, 2.21]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.99

[0.77, 1.28]

0.85

[0.62, 1.15]

1.17

[0.83, 1.65]

0.97

[0.75, 1.27]

0.85

[0.41, 1.76]

Beverage store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.74

[0.55, 1.01]

0.87

[0.58, 1.31]

0.66

[0.43, 1.02]

0.77

[0.55, 1.08]

0.52

[0.20, 1.31]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.50

[0.97, 2.32]

0.87

[0.47, 1.61]

2.61**

[1.46, 4.66]

1.42

[0.90, 2.26]

0.73

[0.14, 3.85]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.07

[0.90, 1.27]

1.07

[0.87, 1.33]

1.03

[0.80, 1.33]

1.05

[0.86, 1.29]

1.09

[0.73, 1.63]

  1. All models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental education, and urbanicity. Italicized numbers indicate statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
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