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Table 5 Associations (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) of changes in school neighborhood food environments within 800-m straight-line buffer zones during 1998–2007 with child obesity in 2007

From: Effects of school neighborhood food environments on childhood obesity at multiple scales: a longitudinal kindergarten cohort study in the USA

Food outlet type

All (n = 7530)

Boys (n = 3780)

Girls (n = 3750)

Urban (n = 5040)

Non-urban (n = 2490)

Supermarket

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.07

[0.88, 1.29]

1.10

[0.86, 1.41]

1.07

[0.81, 1.42]

1.09

[0.87, 1.36]

1.02

[0.71, 1.46]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.88

[0.69, 1.12]

0.92

[0.67, 1.26]

0.76

[0.53, 1.09]

0.90

[0.67, 1.20]

0.96

[0.56, 1.65]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.99

[0.82, 1.19]

1.05

[0.82, 1.35]

0.90

[0.69, 1.17]

1.01

[0.82, 1.25]

0.98

[0.65, 1.47]

Convenience store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.01

[0.84, 1.22]

0.91

[0.71, 1.16]

1.11

[0.84, 1.47]

0.96

[0.77, 1.19]

1.05

[0.66, 1.69]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.04

[0.79, 1.36]

1.22

[0.88, 1.68]

0.87

[0.56, 1.34]

1.12

[0.81, 1.56]

0.87

[0.51, 1.49]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.11

[0.92, 1.33]

0.97

[0.77, 1.23]

1.41**

[1.09, 1.82]

0.96

[0.77, 1.20]

1.60*

[1.10, 2.33]

Full-service restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.94

[0.75, 1.17]

0.88

[0.65, 1.17]

0.99

[0.72, 1.37]

0.97

[0.74, 1.27]

0.93

[0.61, 1.44]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.03

[0.79, 1.35]

0.95

[0.68, 1.34]

1.25

[0.85, 1.83]

1.02

[0.73, 1.42]

1.08

[0.68, 1.70]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.83

[0.67, 1.02]

0.74*

[0.57, 0.95]

0.98

[0.72, 1.33]

0.82

[0.64, 1.06]

0.79

[0.52, 1.21]

Fast-food restaurant

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.96

[0.78, 1.18]

1.05

[0.81, 1.37]

0.87

[0.64, 1.20]

0.95

[0.76, 1.19]

1.07

[0.63, 1.84]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.18

[0.86, 1.61]

1.23

[0.81, 1.86]

1.12

[0.72, 1.75]

1.18

[0.84, 1.66]

1.02

[0.44, 2.37]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.06

[0.88, 1.29]

1.05

[0.82, 1.35]

1.06

[0.80, 1.41]

1.27*

[1.02, 1.59]

0.72

[0.46, 1.12]

Retail bakery

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.04

[0.81, 1.34]

1.02

[0.74, 1.42]

1.05

[0.72, 1.54]

0.90

[0.70, 1.16]

1.65

[0.67, 4.07]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.91

[0.65, 1.26]

0.86

[0.56, 1.32]

0.94

[0.57, 1.56]

1.01

[0.72, 1.42]

1.07

[0.38, 3.02]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.93

[0.74, 1.16]

1.12

[0.84, 1.49]

0.74

[0.53, 1.03]

0.91

[0.72, 1.14]

1.13

[0.56, 2.28]

Dairy product store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.76

[0.54, 1.06]

0.50**

[0.32, 0.77]

1.22

[0.81, 1.85]

0.85

[0.62, 1.16]

0.23

[0.04, 1.49]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.68*

[1.07, 2.65]

2.92***

[1.58, 5.40]

0.79

[0.43, 1.46]

1.67*

[1.07, 2.61]

2.49

[0.27, 22.76]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.91

[0.73, 1.13]

1.06

[0.80, 1.40]

0.71*

[0.51, 0.98]

0.89

[0.70, 1.14]

0.86

[0.51, 1.45]

Health food store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.92

[0.69, 1.23]

1.05

[0.73, 1.51]

0.77

[0.51, 1.17]

0.95

[0.70, 1.30]

0.86

[0.42, 1.74]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.96

[0.65, 1.42]

0.88

[0.52, 1.49]

1.07

[0.63, 1.85]

0.92

[0.61, 1.40]

1.01

[0.41, 2.46]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.09

[0.87, 1.38]

1.02

[0.75, 1.38]

1.22

[0.89, 1.68]

1.16

[0.90, 1.50]

1.06

[0.64, 1.76]

Candy store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  >  0

0.89

[0.52, 1.52]

0.95

[0.46, 1.96]

0.83

[0.42, 1.66]

0.75

[0.43, 1.29]

1.00

[0.20, 4.97]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.99

[0.53, 1.87]

1.22

[0.52, 2.89]

0.75

[0.33, 1.73]

1.12

[0.58, 2.16]

1.30

[0.19, 8.96]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.18

[0.86, 1.63]

1.43

[0.93, 2.20]

0.87

[0.54, 1.40]

1.13

[0.78, 1.64]

1.44

[0.80, 2.61]

Fruit and vegetable market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.23

[0.75, 2.01]

1.20

[0.64, 2.23]

1.22

[0.57, 2.62]

1.31

[0.76, 2.25]

1.18

[0.38, 3.68]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.78

[0.43, 1.44]

0.85

[0.35, 2.08]

0.75

[0.31, 1.80]

0.73

[0.38, 1.40]

0.58

[0.13, 2.61]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.05

[0.76, 1.46]

1.05

[0.73, 1.51]

1.00

[0.60, 1.66]

1.24

[0.92, 1.66]

0.48

[0.13, 1.72]

Meat and fish market

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

1.13

[0.83, 1.52]

1.06

[0.70, 1.60]

1.16

[0.71, 1.89]

1.16

[0.85, 1.58]

0.82

[0.28, 2.42]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

0.57*

[0.35, 0.91]

0.60

[0.32, 1.11]

0.59

[0.31, 1.12]

0.53*

[0.32, 0.87]

0.78

[0.24, 2.57]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

0.98

[0.74, 1.31]

1.06

[0.76, 1.47]

0.86

[0.55, 1.35]

0.99

[0.74, 1.33]

1.04

[0.34, 3.21]

Beverage store

 1998 (/km2)

  0 (ref)

  > 0

0.89

[0.62, 1.28]

0.96

[0.61, 1.52]

0.89

[0.50, 1.60]

0.84

[0.56, 1.25]

1.14

[0.49, 2.63]

 1998–2007

  Decreased

1.14

[0.65, 2.01]

1.18

[0.61, 2.28]

1.03

[0.46, 2.28]

1.21

[0.67, 2.18]

1.00

[1.00, 1.00]

  Constant (ref)

  Increased

1.11

[0.89, 1.37]

1.09

[0.83, 1.44]

1.05

[0.76, 1.46]

1.10

[0.87, 1.39]

0.88

[0.51, 1.53]

  1. All models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental education, and urbanicity. Italicized numbers indicate statistical significance (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001)
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